SUMMARYBackground: Crude aqueous extract of Zanthoxylum xanthozyloides is used locally to treat inflammatory conditions. Previous study confirmed that the extract has anti-inflammatory activity and also reduced vascular response in inflammation. Objective: To identify the effect of the extract on migration of white blood cells to the site of inflammation. Method: The extract was obtained by Soxhlet extraction and rotatory evaporation, followed by freezedrying. Cohorts of Wistar rats (150g -200g) were randomly assigned to 6 treatment cells, and were given, per os, three different treatments: indomethacin (20mg/kg and 40mg/kg), the extract (2000mg/kg and 4000mg/kg), and 0.9% saline (two groups of control). Inflammation was induced with carrageenin in the hind paw of the treated groups of rats and one group of the control (positive control), one hour after treatment. Inflammatory exudates from the inflamed paws were collected and the white blood cells (WBCs) counted. Results: Carrageenin increased the total WBC count (in the paw fluid) which was reduced by the extract and indomethacin (p<0.05). Neither the extract nor indomethacin had any effect on total WBC count in the non-carrageenin treated control rats. Conclusion: The extract did not affect the pre-existing WBC population at the site of inflammation but rather inhibited migration of the cells to the site.
Background: The root bark extract of Zanthoxylum xanthozyloides is used in folklore medicine in Ghana and Nigeria to treat inflammation. A previous pharmacological study confirmed the anti-inflammatory activity of the extract. Objective: To study the effect of the extract on vascular response in inflammation. Method: The extract was obtained by Soxhlet extraction and rotatory evaporation, followed by freezedrying. Groups of rats (with carrageenin-induced paw inflammation) and mice (with xylene-induced pinna inflammation) were, respectively, assigned randomly to treatment groups. The animals were given three different treatments orally: 0.9% saline (control), the extract (400mg/kg and 800mg/kg for mice; 1000mg/kg, 2000 mg/kg, and 4000mg/kg for rats), and indomethacin (5mg/kg and 10mg/kg for mice; 10mg/kg, 20mg/kg, and 40mg/kg for rats). In another set of experiment, each treatment group received phenylephrine subcutaneously (30µg/kg for rats and 20µg/kg for mice) in addition to the specified treatment aforementioned. In both sets of experiments, each group of rats was rotated through the entire treatment groups such that each animal served as control as well as received all the treatments. Analysis of variance was used as the statistical test. Results: The extract and indomethacin both caused dose-dependent reduction in the carrageenin-induced increase in paw volume in rats and also reduced xylene-induced increase in blood flow in mice pinna arteries. Phenylephrine enhanced the decrease in capillary permeability and vasodilatation caused by low dose extract but not that caused by high dose extract or both low and high dose indomethacin. Conclusion: The extract reduced vasodilatation and decreased capillary permeability in inflammation.
SUMMARYBackground: Crude aqueous extract of the root bark of Zanthoxylum xanthoxyloides is used in folklore medicine for its anti-inflammatory activity. Although it shares the analgesic and anti-inflammatory property of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), its mechanism of action has not been well elucidated. Objective: To ascertain whether the extract decreases carrageenin-induced increase in plasma prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) concentration with the view to shed light on the mechanism of action. Methods: The extract was obtained by Soxhlet extraction and rotatory evaporation, followed by freezedrying. Forty Wistar rats (150g -200g) were assigned to 8 groups of 5 rats each. The rats were given four different treatments orally: 0.9% saline (two groups of control); two groups received indomethacin, 20mg/kg and 40mg/kg respectively; another two groups received the extract, 2000mg/kg and 4000mg/kg respectively; and the remaining two groups, 50mg/kg and 100mg/kg nimesulide respectively. Inflammation was induced with carrageenin in one of the two groups of control. Enzyme-linked immunospecific assay was used to measure plasma PGE 2 concentration in the control and treated groups of rats. Analysis of variance was used as the statistical test. Differences in means at p<0.05 were considered significant. Results: Carrageenin increased plasma PGE 2 concentration which was reduced by the extract, indomethacin and nimesulide. High dose extract and indomethacin reduced plasma PGE 2 concentration to a comparable extent which was much greater than that of the reduction caused by nimesulide. Conclusion: It was concluded that the extract might act by non-selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 to decrease plasma PGE 2 concentration.
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