Abstract. (1) The immigration of spiders into the Lauwerszeepolder (constructed in 1969) was studied during four years in four areas. The spider fauna was sampled weekly and 65 000 specimens of eighty‐four species were caught using strip traps, window traps, simple pitfall traps and fences.(2) About sixty species from all kinds of habitats were caught rarely; nineteen species were caught in numbers that suggest that they had established populations in the study areas.(3) The four successful pioneer species, plus two marsh‐dwelling species, were most abundant during 1969 and 1970. The 1971 catch was dominated by species from saline habitats; they became less abundant in 1972 when species from non‐saline habitats increased. Only halotolerant species established populations.(4) No evidence was found that dispersing spiders select certain areas. The differences between the spider fauna of the differennt study areas arise from degrees of success in colonization by immigrants. Pioneer species are least influenced by the abiotic environment.(5) A greater aeronautic dispersal power is found in species inhabiting unstable habitats than in species from stable habitats.(6) Aeronautic activity in adult linyphiids (s.l.) is not restricted to a special season, but is related to definite phases of the phenology.(7) Male and female erigonids are equally active in aeronautic behaviour. In erigonids and linyphiids intense aeronautic activity coincides with great ground activity; on the ground males are more active than females.
The International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC) was developed to order medical concepts into classes that have been chosen for their relevance for family medicine. Family physicians use this to label the most prevalent conditions in their practice as well as their patients' symptoms and complaints. At the same time they do not want to be divorced from the needs of the medical community at large as these are reflected in the most recent medical nomenclature: the Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). A full conversion between all classes in the first and seventh component of ICPC (n = 646) with those of ICD-10 (n = 1983), with the exception of the chapter on external causes, has been prepared. It was concluded that ICD-10 at the three-digit level cannot function as a core classification for an international primary care system. Of the three-digit ICD-10 rubrics only 120 are compatible on a one to one basis with an ICPC rubric. A total of 114 three-digit ICD-10 rubrics have to be broken open into four-digit rubrics to allow at least one compatible conversion to one or more ICPC rubrics. On this basis only 25% of the diagnostic classes in ICPC can be converted to a single three- or four-digit ICD-10 rubric without lumping. The rest of ICD-10, either on the three- or on the four-digit level, has to be grouped into combinations of classes (lumping) to allow compatible conversion to the remaining rubrics of ICPC. Even though ICD-10 cannot serve as a core classification for primary care, a technical conversion between ICPC and ICD-10 is practically always possible which allows primary care physicians to implement ICD-10 as a contemporary nomenclature within the classification structure of ICPC.
The immigration of carabids into the Lauwerszeepolder (constructed in 1969) was studied in 4 areas. These areas have different types of soil and consequently different vegetations. The carabid fauna was sampled by means of striptraps and window traps. In this way a total number of 116000 specimens was caught.A comparison of the catches shows great differences between the fauna in different study areas in successive years. The data are compared with those of another Dutch polder (IJsselmeer polder). It is shown that about 50% of all species caught are able to fly. Moreover it is demonstrated that relatively more specimens of sparse populations than of dense populations fly.The data, especially those on ovarian development, show that flight occurs mostly in early adult life. Moreover, flight muscle autolysis at the onset of ovarian development is a common feature among carabids. Females fly more readily than males. Whereas the flight of most species covers only short distances, some species fly across the borders of their habitats. The data suggest five categories in carabids with respect to flight.Brachypterous carabids were very rarely found in the polder. It is suggested that changes in the numbers of macropterous specimens in carabid populations outside the polder proper are not due to dispersal.The role of migration in the stabilization of carabid populations is estimated to be very small.
A study was made of the occurrence of ectoparasitic Laboulbeniales among carabids caught in study areas in and around the recently reclaimed Lauwerszeepolder. Although the fungi cannot be used to trace the origin of immigrants, the results support the point of view that migration in many carabid species is rare and mostly restricted to early adult life.
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