DISCUSSIONS 379T o answer Mr. Middleton I would say that the purity of the ice used in the experiments was, in general, appreciably greater than that of ice which is found in the atmosphere. The question is complicated by the fact that the purity of ' natural' ice will vary considerably according to its location and mode of formation. As he infers, ice formed by the freezing of water droplets grown over an industrial area will be exceedingly impure, whereas ice crystals grown from the vapour over the oceans or over sparsely-populated land areas will contain very little contamination and may approach the purity of the ice used in the laboratory experiments. It should be emphasized, however, that charge transfer associated with temperature gradients in ice is extremely insensitive to contamination of the ice with impurities normally found in the atmosphere. Professor P. A. SHEPPARD : The centroid of negative charge in a cumulonimbus is, I believe, quite near the 0°C level and the fracture of raindrops will presumably take place, on the whole, below this level. In that case the larger products of disruption will be negatively charged and can hardly therefore give rise to the centre of positive charge at the base of a cumulonimbus.Mr. R. F. JONES : The drops you have examined are very much larger than those which occur in nature. Is it certain that the mechanism of break-up is the same for drops which are just large enough to break up under their own fall-speed as for these much larger drops, which are still accelerating and which would appear to be subjected to much greater disruptive forces ?Dr. J. B. ANDREWS : I remember that when we had a taller stair-well at our disposal, we allowed large water drops to fall nearly 100 ft down this well. I was able to observe that drops larger than 9 m m diameter broke up in a manner similar to that described. However, as far as I could observe from the top of the staircase, drops of 7 to 8 mm more often broke up in a simpler manner, by breaking into only two or three droplets. The formula given for the critical size for break-up combined with the velocity-size relationship would appear to define a maximum size of raindrops to occur in free fall. Does the value obtained (I am afraid I cannot do the mental arithmetic at the moment) agree with the 6 mm limit of drop-size found in nature ?Dr. H. L. PENMAN : The shape of the helmet-like drop is very like one of the five surfaces that possess minimum surface energy. Is there any possibility of estimating the total energy of the falling drop, and perhaps getting some association between minimum energy and break-up ? Dr. J. LATHAM : Do you consider that this drop-shattering process may contribute significantly to the electrification of ' warm ' clouds ? Professor K. L. S. GUNN : Can Professor Mason tell us again the vertical distance over which the rapid drop break-up occurred and say more about the photographic arrangements.Professor B. J. MASON (in reply) : In reply to Mr. R. F. Jones, the criterion for break-up of our very large dr...
Many low-threshold experiments observe sharply rising event rates of yet unknown origins below a few hundred eV, and larger than expected from known backgrounds. Due to the significant impact of this excess on the dark matter or neutrino sensitivity of these experiments, a collective effort has been started to share the knowledge about the individual observations. For this, the EXCESS Workshop was initiated. In its first iteration in June 2021, ten rare event search collaborations contributed to this initiative via talks and discussions. The contributing collaborations were CONNIE, CRESST, DAMIC, EDELWEISS, MINER, NEWS-G, NUCLEUS, RICOCHET, SENSEI and SuperCDMS. They presented data about their observed energy spectra and known backgrounds together with details about the respective measurements. In this paper, we summarize the presented information and give a comprehensive overview of the similarities and differences between the distinct measurements. The provided data is furthermore publicly available on the workshop's data repository together with a plotting tool for visualization.
The spherical proportional counter is a novel gaseous detector with numerous applications, including direct dark matter searches and neutron spectroscopy. The strengths of the Geant4 and Garfield++ toolkits are combined to create a simulation framework for spherical proportional counters. The interface is implemented by introducing Garfield++ classes within a Geant4 application. Simulated muon, electron, and photon signals are presented, and the effects of gas mixture composition and anode support structure on detector response are discussed. K: Detector modelling and simulations I (interaction of radiation with matter, interaction of photons with matter, interaction of hadrons with matter, etc); Detector modelling and simulations II (electric fields, charge transport, multiplication and induction, pulse formation, electron emission, etc); Gaseous detectors; Simulation methods and programs A X P : 2002.027181Corresponding author.
AIMTo determine technical considerations and radiographic outcomes of the Synthes volar rim distal radius plate to treat complex intra-articular fractures.METHODSThis review highlights technical considerations learnt using this implant since it was introduced in a major trauma unit in November 2011, including anatomical reduction and whether this was maintained radiographically.RESULTSTwenty-six of the 382 internally fixed distal radial fractures at our unit (6.8%) were deemed to require this plate in order to achieve optimal fracture fixation between November 2011 and May 2014. A further dorsal and/or radial plate was necessary in 35% and variable angle screws were used in 54% of cases. Post-operatively, mean radial height, inclination, volar tilt and ulnar variance restored were 11.7 mm, 21º, 4.3º and -1.2 mm respectively. There were no cases of non-union or flexor/extensor tendon rupture; one case of loss of fracture reduction. Overall incidence of plate removal was 15% with one plate removed for flexor and one for extensor tendon irritationCONCLUSIONThe use of a rim plate enables control of challenging far distal fracture patterns. However, additional plates were required to improve and maintain reduction. Variable angle screws were necessary in half the cases to avoid intra-articular screw penetration. If used judiciously, this implant can achieve stable fixation despite the complexity of the fracture pattern.
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