The incidence of secondary airway lesions in our population of infants with laryngomalacia was higher than those previously reported. The severity of disease correlated with the diagnosis of a secondary airway lesion. Secondary airway lesions lead to an increased incidence of surgical intervention and GERD in infants with laryngomalacia.

T-tubes are a well-established method for supporting the airway in both adults and children. However, the very design of the T-tube poses unique anesthetic management issues before, during, and after the operation. Anesthetic administration and gas exchange may be effectively achieved through a variety of methods, which we describe in detail.

In children presenting with PTB, activated partial thromboplastin time and PFA studies and hematology consultations are helpful in identifying occult coagulopathies. The definition of PTB should be broadened to include children with any history of oral bleeding, regardless of examination findings.

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