SummaryThis work describes a systematic evaluation of several autofocus functions used for analytical fluorescent image cytometry studies of counterstained nuclei. Focusing is the first step in the automatic fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of cells. Thirteen functions have been evaluated using qualitative and quantitative procedures. For the last of these procedures a figure-of-merit (FOM) is defined and proposed. This new FOM takes into account five important features of the focusing function. Our results show that functions based on correlation measures have the best performance for this type of image.

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A convenient setting for studying multiscale techniques in various areas of applications is usually based on a sequence of nested closed subspaces of some function space F which is often referred to as multiresolution analysis. The concept of wavelets is a prominent example where the practical use of such a multiresolution analysis relies on explicit representations of the orthogonal difference between any two subsequent spaces. However, many applications prohibit the employment of a multiresolution analysis based on translation invariant spaces on all of R s , say. It is then usually difficult to compute orthogonal complements explicitly. Moreover, certain applications suggest using other types of complements, in particular, those corresponding to biorthogonal wavelets. The main objective of this paper is therefore to study possibly nonorthogonal but in a certain sense stable and even local decompositions of nested spaces and to develop tools which are not necessarily confined to the translation invariant setting. A convenient way of parametrizing such decompositions is to reformulate them in terms of matrix relations. This allows one to characterize all stable or local decompositions by identifying unique matrix transformations that carry one given decomposition into another one. It will be indicated how such a mechanism may help realizing several desirable features of multiscale decompositions and constructing stable multiscale bases with favorable properties. In particular, we apply these results to the identification of decompositions induced by local linear projectors. The importance of this particular application with regard to the construction of multiscale Riesz bases will be pointed out. Furthermore, we indicate possible specializations to orthogonal decompositions of spline spaces relative to nonuniform knot sequences, piecewise linear finite elements and principal shift invariant spaces. The 1

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