a b s t r a c tA complete review on scale model testing for buildings, considering a wide range of methodologies and new manufacturing techniques, in areas such as statics and dynamics, acoustics, lighting, aerodynamics and thermodynamics for energy efficiency is presented. On the one hand, scale model testing for buildings require different considerations and techniques and are usually focused on one specific physical field contributing to the information scattering. On the other hand, they are sometimes too general, theoretical or unpractical. Although commercial computer simulations are first option among professionals, they necessarily simplify complex phenomena and ignore, among other aspects, size effects and latest findings in fractals. The potential of complementary experiments using new manufactured scale models for buildings is raising, however, it is still missing a practical overview through different physical fields specifically for buildings with these considerations. This review gives a wide perspective and unified scope on uses and possibilities of scale model testing for buildings, from the traditional configurations of Leon Battiste Alberti to new possibilities applying complex physics and new techniques of 3D-modelling.

Abstract. Free-form architecture is one of the major challenges for architects, engineers, and the building industry. This is due to the inherent difficulty of manufacturing double curvature facades at reasonable prices and quality. This paper discusses the possibilities of manufacturing free-form facade panels for architectural envelopes supported by recent advances in CAD/CAM systems and digital processes. These methods allow for no-mould processes, thus reducing the final price. Examples of actual constructions will be presented to prove the viability of computer numerically controlled (CNC) fabrication technologies. Scientific literature will be reviewed. Promising fabrication methods (additive, subtractive, forming) to accomplish this proposal will be discussed. This research will provide valuable information regarding the feasibility of manufacturing freeform panels for architectural envelopes at lower prices.

Los paneles de forma libre de GRC son de gran aplicación en elementos de fachadas ligeras. Dichos paneles pueden fabricarse a través de una gran variedad de procesos. Sin embargo, a pesar de sus ventajas como la moldeabilidad, durabilidad y ligereza, se ven penalizados por el elevado precio de los correspondientes moldes, sobre todo si no hay una repetición suficiente de las piezas y la forma del panel difiere de lo convencional. Las nuevas tecnologías digitales permiten diversas posibilidades en el campo de la construcción y la producción de moldes con geometrías complejas. En el presente artículo se presenta una serie de métodos recientes en la fabricación de paneles de GRC de forma libre. Se discutirán ventajas e inconvenientes de dichos métodos, sobre todo la importancia del molde y su repercusión económica. Finalmente se extraerán conclusiones sobre la viabilidad técnica y las posibilidades que se abren con este análisis.

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