The present study attempts to define the relationship between groundwater flow systems and the distribution of chemical facies with the aid of Geographical Information System (GIS). The study also identifies the different geochemical processes responsible for the chemical evolution of groundwater chemistry. Analytical results of 23 groundwater samples reveal mean values of cations as Na<sup>+</sup> (84.2 mg/l), K<sup>+</sup> (4.2 mg/l), Ca<sup>2+</sup> (27 mg/l), Mg<sup>2+</sup> (11.5 mg/l) and Fe<sup>2+</sup> (0.6 mg/l). The anion mean values are HCO<sub>3</sub><sup style="margin-left:-7px;">– </sup> (4.5 mg/l), SO<sub>4</sub><sup style="margin-left:-7px;">2– </sup> (3.7 mg/l), Cl<sup>–</sup> (22.5 mg/l) and NO<sub>3</sub><sup style="margin-left:-7px;">– </sup> (2.2 mg/l). Based on mean values, the cations are in order of abundance as Na<sup>+</sup> > Ca<sup>2+</sup>> Mg<sup>2+</sup> > K<sup>+</sup> > Fe<sup>2+</sup> while the anions reveal order of abundance as Cl<sup>– </sup> > HCO<sub>3</sub><sup style="margin-left:-7px;">– </sup> > SO<sub>4</sub><sup style="margin-left:-7px;">2– </sup> > NO<sub>3</sub><sup style="margin-left:-7px;">– </sup>. The geographical information system (GIS) using Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) delineate two groundwater zones into: Ca-Mg-SO<sub>4</sub>-Cl and Na-SO<sub>4</sub>-Cl water types. The Ca-Mg-SO<sub>4</sub>-Cl constitutes about 35% of the chemical facies and its evolutionary trend is due to simple hydrochemical mixing between Ca-Mg-HCO<sub>3</sub> and Na-SO<sub>4</sub>-Cl facies and reverse cation exchange. The Na-SO<sub>4</sub>-Cl facies constitutes about 65% of the chemical facies and represents fossil groundwater. The Ca-Mg-SO<sub>4</sub>-Cl facies is dominant in the recharge areas while Na-SO<sub>4</sub>-Cl facies prevails in discharge areas. Rock-water interaction diagrams indicate precipitation induced chemical weathering along with dissolution of rock-forming minerals. The scattered plots among ions revealed geochemical processes as carbonate weathering, silicate weathering, cation exchange and sulphate reduction. HCA identified effects of rock-water interaction and anthropogenic effects as responsible for the modification of groundwater chemistry in the area
This research is aimed at delineating the groundwater potential zones in Gombe and environs using Dar Zarrouk parameters. The study area is located within longitudes 11°7′0″E to 11°14′0″E, and latitudes 10°15′0″N to 10°21′0″N, it is basically underlain by basement Complex rocks represented by Diorite and Granites, and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks represented by Bima, Yolde, Fika and Gombe Formations. Thirty two (32) vertical electric soundings (VES) using Schlumberger array method with the aid of ABEM Signal Averaging System (SAS) Terrameter was used for the data acquisition. The result of the interpretation shows four to six geo-electric layers. The geo-electric section revealed the major aquifers to be confined and semi confined and consist of Medium grain sandstones, with varying thicknesses. The aquifer hydraulic characteristics indicated that the transverse resistance, ranges from 235.2Ωm 2 to 6317.87Ωm 2 with an average value of 1789.50Ωm 2 . The Longitudinal conductance, S, ranges from 0.1415Ωm to 31.933Ωm with an average of 2.002Ωm. The Hydraulic conductivity value range from 2.62m/day to 138.66 m/day with a mean value of 20.662 m/day. The transmissivity values obtained for the various layers range from 78.34 m 2 /day to 13284.02m 2 /day, with the average value been 893.57 m 2 /day. Four groundwater potential zones were delineated including medium grain sandstones, Sandstones, clayey sand and shaly sand.
Analytical results indicate that groundwater samples from kaltungo and environs are polluted due to high concentrations of iron, fluoride, nitrate, and coliform bacteria. Iron concentrations range from 1.9 mg/l to 4.8 mg/l, fluoride values range from 0.6 mg/l to 1.9 mg/l, and nitrate concentrations range from 46.8 mg/l to 164 mg/l while coliform number counts range from nil to 80 number counts. The results further reveal that the water is generally good for agricultural uses. The SAR values range from 0.003 meq/l to 0.38 meq/l, RSC values range from-6.20 meq/l to 4.97 meq/l, EC values vary from 160 µS/cm to 790 µS/cm, and TDS ranges from 80 mg/l to 400.5 mg/l. However, the water may not be suitable for some industries due to high concentrations of iron, bicarbonate, and total hardness. Bicarbonate values range from 206 mg/l to 612 mg/l, and total hardness range from 73.4 mg/l to 163.7 mg/l. Piper trilinear plots classified the water into Ca-(Mg)-HCO 3 which belongs to the normal alkaline fresh water type. Based on Mg 2+ /Ca 2+ ratio, about 39% of water samples reveal water from silicate aquifer. Plots of logTDS against Na + /(Na + + Ca 2+) reveal that the groundwater chemistry is influenced by evaporation, weathering induced dissolution, and dilution effects. The water would require treatment for human consumption and for industrial applications. It is recommended that regular groundwater quality monitoring will ensure groundwater quality protection and conservation.
Karlahi is largely underlain by granites and migmatites gneiss of the Adamawa Massif. The area lies west of Benue Trough and east of Cameroon volcanic line. The aim of this paper is to determine hydraulic properties of water bearing layer using parameters derived from Dar-Zarrouk equation and characterized them into groundwater potential zones. The resistivity values of the weathered and slightly weathered layers which make up the water bearing layers were added and an average was taken and used as the resistivity of the water bearing formation in computation of Dar-Zarrouk parameters in Karlahi area. The values of resistivity of water bearing formation ranged from 18 to 4963 Ωm with an average resistivity value of 549 Ωm and the thickness of the water bearing formation ranges from 21 to 32 m with an average thickness of 24.5 m. Conductivity values range from 0.000201 to 0.05509 (σ) while the longitudinal conductance range from 0.00483 to 1.2363 Ω-1, the transverse resistance ranges from 407 to 123504.3 Ωm2. The hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity values range from 0.14 to 25.87 m/day and 3.28 to 580.4 m2/day respectively. The longitudinal conductance values in Karlahi area revealed poor to good with an average longitudinal conductance value that is moderate. High transverse resistance values are located in the central and southern part of Karlahi area while low values are located in the eastern part. The spatial distribution map of transmissivity in the area revealed moderate to high transmissivity values in the north central part and a negligible to low transmissivity in southern part, extreme northeastern part. The groundwater potential map of Karlahi area shows negligible to weak potential groundwater zones in SW and SE, moderate potential in the central to northern part of Karlahi area.
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