Late‐season application of N to bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon × transvaalensis Burtt‐Davey) putting greens are often made in an attempt to extend turfgrass growth and color. Research was conducted to evaluate the physiological and morphological responses of bermudagrass to late‐season application of N and K. Application of 0, 4.9, and 9.8 g N m−2 in factorial combination with 0, 4.1, 8.2 g K m−2 were made in October of 1989, 1990, and 1991. Following fertilizer application, measurements of fall and spring turfgrass color, total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) concentrations, and leaf tissue concentrations of N, P, and K were made. No changes in turfgrass color or TNC levels were observed for any level of K fertilization. Application of 4.9 or 9.8 g N m−2, alone or in combination with K, improved fall turfgrass color through October for each trial, and gave significantly higher spring turfgrass color ratings. Rhizome TNC levels declined linearly in December 1989 as N levels increased from 0 to 9.8 g m−2. There was a quadratic response in TNC levels across N fertility levels in March 1990. No significant differences in TNC levels were measured for any N level for 1990 and 1991 in December or March, although N at 9.8 g m−2 tended to give lower rhizome TNC levels as compared with 0 or 4.9 g m−2 of N. Nitrogen applications provided a linear increase in N, P, and K concentrations in the leaves. Late‐season application of N improved fall and spring bermudagrass color, and generally had little effect on rhizome TNC levels when measured in December or March.
golf putting green turf in the southern USA through greatly improved playability characteristics as well as Off-type bermudagrasses (Cynodon spp.) continue to be a major much-needed uniformity by way of planting a singleconcern on southern U.S. golf greens because of the disruption of surface source cultivar. Uniformity in these vegetatively propauniformity and playability. The current study was undertaken to measure the genetic stability of six bermudagrass cultivars (Champion, Floradwarf, gated turf cultivars is achieved through single-node se- MS-Supreme, Tifdwarf, TifEagle, and Tifgreen) in response to the two dilection from an individual plant. The genetic base of nitroaniline herbicides pendimethalin {N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2, each cultivar is thus necessarily quite narrow and the 6-dinitrobenzenamine} and oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N 4 N 4 -dipropylsufnarrow genetic base of these cultivars may pose a risk fanilamide), which are commonly applied for preemergent weed confor extensive damage from virulent or introduced pests trol in turf management. Four off-types (Off-Type 1, Off-Type 2, Off-(Taliaferro, 1995) Type 3, and Off-Type 4) were derived from Champion treated with Within approximately 10 yr of the release of Tifgreen, dinitroanilines during the experimental cycles. The amplified fragment the first "off-types" of bermudagrass were documented length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis identified a total of 311 inforand one of those became the very popular cultivar Tifmative fragments with seven primer combinations, of which 162 (52.09%) were polymorphic. The number of polymorphisms detected dwarf (Burton, 1966). The perception of the term offper primer combination ranged from 18 to 27. The grouping of cultitype is generally negative and is associated with an undevars according to molecular and morphological data was made by sirable entity that likely differs in growth habit and color multidimensional analyses: cluster analysis and canonical discriminant and disrupts uniformity and playability of the turf. Offanalysis (CDA). Phenetic analysis as well as CDA revealed that all types are particularly difficult to manage on golf putting bermudagrasses and off-types were genetically diverse. Pairwise D 2 greens, where trueness of ball roll is of the utmost imestimates ranged from 0.69 to 0.99 with Off-Type 3 being the most portance. genetically dissimilar. Unweighted pair-group method arithmetic av-It is worth noting that almost all the latest generation erage analysis (UPGMA) produced two major clusters. The first conof bermudagrasses for putting greens, often referred to tained the six bermudagrass cultivars and Off-Type 1, Off-Type 2, and Off-Type 4, while Off-Type 3 formed the second cluster. Total
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