The analgesic effect of clonidine 2 micro g kg(-1) as an adjunct to caudal block with bupivacaine 0.25%, 0.5 ml kg(-1) is similar whether administered i.v. or caudally.
The Postgraduate Hospital Educational Environment Measure (PHEEM) has been translated into Danish and then validated with good internal consistency by 342 Danish junior and senior hospital doctors. Four of the 40 items are culturally dependent in the Danish hospital setting. Factor analysis demonstrated that seven items are interconnected. This information can be used to shorten the instrument by perhaps another three items.
The authors conclude that the MLAEP peaks and the AAI correlate well to the MOAAS, whether extracted by MTA or ARX, but the ARX method produced a significantly shorter delay than the MTA.
Evidence regarding the sensitivity of the Internalizing Symptoms Scale for Children (ISSC) in detecting differences between clinic-referred children identified as internalizers, clinic-referred noninternalizing children, and nonreferred children was examined. ISSC scores differentiated accurately among the three groups. Accuracy of ISSC scores in classifying children into clinic-referred and nonreferred children, as well as internalizers and noninternalizers, was also studied. Results indicated that children were classified into their respective diagnostic groups very efficiently using the overall pattern of all ISSC item scores. Evidence for the criterion-related validity of ISSC scores through correlations with scores on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was also evaluated. ISSC scores were correlated significantly with the CBCL broadband scores and with the classification of clinic-referred children as internalizers and noninternalizers. These results provide additional support for the validity of the ISSC as a measure of internalizing symptoms and positive and negative affectivity in elementary-age children.
The ARX-extracted AEP-index increases during tracheal intubation. There is a significant difference between the ARX-extracted AEP and the traditional MTA-extracted AEP, in terms of response time. In order to trace short-lasting changes in the hypnotic level by AEP, the AEP should be extracted by a method with a fast response such as the ARX-model.
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