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The voiding cystourethrogram and excretory urogram have been considered essential parts of the evaluation of girls with urinary tract infections. To evaluate the usefulness of these procedures, 523 examinations in girls with urinary tract infections were reviewed retrospectively.The major finding on voiding cystourethrograms was vesicoureteral reflux, occurring in 36% of the children. Of the total group, 8% had excretory urographic evidence of parenchymal scarring.Higher grades of reflux were associated with an increase in parenchymal scarring. All urethras were normal, and only one paraureteral diverticulum was identified. Bladder emptying was incomplete in 46% of the patients. Excretory urography was performed by injecting 60% diatrizoate meglumine IV at a dose of 2 mI/kg (maximum dose, 100 ml).

The authors describe a new technique for dilatation of an esophageal stricture in a child. Under fluoroscopic control, a small guide wire is passed through the narrowed area. Dilation is accomplished with the Grüntzig balloon catheter.

Percutaneous aspiration, drainage, and biopsy techniques can be performed safely and effectively in infants and children. Over the past 4 years we performed 11 aspiration, nine drainage, and 14 biopsy procedures in patients aged 1 day to 17 years. Success was achieved in 88% and 93% of drainages and biopsies, respectively. Our experience suggests that aspiration and drainage procedures are effective in the diagnosis and management of fluid collections and are often the only procedure required and that percutaneous biopsy techniques are applicable to the pediatric population.

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