Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is a useful technique for analyzing the size, shape, and other structural characteristics of protein molecules in solution. The effects of various environmental conditions on the structure and activity of Aspergillus oryzae beta-galactosidase were studied. DLS was used to determine protein particle size under various salt, pH, and temperature conditions. Changes in the activity and stability of this enzyme caused by different environmental conditions were found to correlate well with the size changes of the protein particles. This change in protein size can be attributed to protein unfolding and aggregation under extreme conditions. The presence of the enzyme substrate, lactose, in the protein solution greatly enhanced enzyme stability by inhibiting aggregation.
Current batch control systems have many capabilities, including regulatory control, scheduling, recipe management, and batch tracking, however, the ability to detect, diagnose and recommend corrective actions for process faults is not readily available. These capabilities require problem-solving skills, specialized expertise and familiarity with the process. Knowledgebased systems (KBS) have demonstrated the ability to alleviate many process failures by capturing this expertise. Additional benefits realized through the use of knowledge-based systems include early detection and consistent handling of process disturbances, improved productivity, quality and safety, and distribution of expertise to less experienced personnel. In this work, a generic framework for on-line batch diagnostic advisory systems is proposed based on the generic task approach. The framework provides the programming structures for compiling the application knowledge and it defines the knowledge organization and strategy for integrating procedure management with fault diagnosis and corrective action advisories. A "phase-step model" is proposed for modeling the sequential nature of the batch process. Finally, the framework is investigated by application to the start-up of a delayed coking unit.
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