The hormonal requirements for the regulation of the major urinary protein (MUP) mRNA levels in mouse liver have been examined. Previous experiments have shown that administration of testosterone to female or castrated male mice increases MUP mRNA levels approximately fivefold to normal male levels. We have found that thyroxine and the peptide hormone, growth hormone, each had a pronounced effect on MUP mRNA levels. MUP mRNA was reduced 150-fold in growth-hormone-deficient mutant mice (little). The administration of growth hormone and thyroxine induced MUP mRNA approximately 150-fold, and when administered together, they induced MUP mRNA approximately 1,000-fold. testosterone administration. When administered separately to these mice, growth hormone and thyroxine induced with MUP mRNA approximately 150-fold, and when administered together, they induced MUP mRNA approximately 1,000-fold. Testicular feminized mice, which lack a functional major testosterone receptor protein, can also be induced to male levels by treatment with both growth hormone and thyroxine. In addition, we present evidence which indicates that growth hormone, thyroxine, and testosterone differentially regulate the levels of distinct MUP mRNA species.The major urinary proteins (MUPs) of mice were originally described as a group of antigenically related low-molecular-weight acidic proteins synthesized in the liver, secreted into the serum, and ultimately excreted in the urine (14-16). A homologous protein, a2.-globulin, has been described in rats (24,31,32). More recently, hybridization experiments have shown that the MUPs constitute a multigene family of 20 to 30 genes (7,18). Genetic mapping studies with recombinant inbred mice and mouse-hamster hybrid cell lines indicate that the MUP structural genes are clustered on chromosome 4 (5, 7, 20).Although the liver appears to be the major site of MUP synthesis, recent studies have shown that the MUP gene family is expressed in several secretory tissues of mice (18,34). The tissues expressing MUP mRNA sequences are the liver, the submaxillary gland, the lachrymal gland, and the mammary gland. These studies also indicated that expression of MUP mRNA in each of the tissues is under different developmental and hormonal controls (34).Early studies on the regulation of the MUPs examined the urinary levels of those proteins whose major site of synthesis appears to be the liver (36; this paper). Parfentjer (28) ed that male mice exhibit high levels of proteinuria and that the onset of this proteinuria correlated with the onset of sexual maturity. The role of the major male sex steroid, testosterone, was further indicated by demonstrating that either females or castrated males treated with testosterone attain normal male levels of proteinuria (38). Biochemical examination of these urinary proteins by Finlayson et al. (16) revealed a group of low-molecular-weight acidic proteins which exhibit both strain-and sex-specific electrophoretically distinguishable phenotypes (14, 37). Interestingly, these studies a...