The U.S. Departmentof Energy recently published an interimdose limit of I rad d"I for controllingthe radiationexposure of native aquatic organisms. A computer program named CRITR, developed previouslyfor calculating radiationdoses to aquatic organismsand their predators,has been updated as an activity of the Hanford Site Surface EnvironmentalSurveillance. Project to facilitatedemonstrationof compliancewith this limit. This report presents the revised models and the updated computer program, CRITR2,-for the assessmentof radiologicaldoses to aquatic organisms and their predators;tables of the required input parametersare also provided. Both internal and external doses to fish, crustacea,mollusks, and algae, as well as organisms that subsist on them, such as muskrats, raccoons, and ducks, may be estimated using CRITR2. Concentrationsof radionuclides in the water to which the organisms are exposed may be entered directly into the user-input file or may be calculatedfrom a source term and standard dilution models developed for the National Council on Radiation Protectionand Measurements.
Mixing and dilution are characterized by a mixing ratio and a reconcentration factor. The mixing ratio, ' M p ' accounts for the dilution of the liquid effluent between the pOint of disCharge and the point of exposure, and is best determined from site-specific hydrological studies. If the temperature increase A-9 TABLE A-2. Generic Fractions and Concentrations of Hydrogen and Carbon in Environmental Media, Vegetation, and A. Fractions in Food Carbon Food or Fodder Water (dr~)-ffc w Fresh Fruits, Vegetables and 0.80 0.45 Grass Grain and Stored Animal Feed 0.12 0.45 Eggs 0.75 0.60
The remaining reports w i 11 describe the nucl ear fuel cycle faci 1 i t i e s t o be studied and the r e s u l t s of our analyses.These reports a r e a1 1 avail able from the National Technical Information Service. T . J . Kabele Project Manager PREFACE .The o p e r a t i o n o f nucl ear f u e l c y c l e f a c i 1 i t i e s w i 11 i n t r o d u c e noxious m a t e r i a l s , both r a d i o l o g i c a l and chemical, i n t o t h e environment through b r o u t i n e discharges o f b o t h l i q u i d and a i r b o r n e e f f l u e n t s . The environmental 8 impl i c a t i o n s o f continued development o f e x i s t i n g n u c l e a r f u e l cycles and impl ementation o f new f u e l cycles must be determined systematical l y t o assure t h e t i m e l y development and demonstration o f technologies which cont r o l o r e l i m i n a t e t h e discharge o f these m a t e r i a l s .To address t h i s need f o r a comprehensive systems a n a l y s i s o f e f f l u e n t c o n t r o l technologies f o r the n u c l e a r f u e l cycles, ERDA's D i v i s i o n o f Environmental Control Technology has funded a program, Analysis o f Nuclear Fuel Cycles, a t B a t t e l l e , P a c i f i c Northwest Laboratory (PNL). The o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s program i s t o i d e n t i f y areas i n developing n u c l e a r f u e l c y c l e s ( 1 ) where environmental c o n t r o l s seem t o be inadequate, ( 2 ) where i n c o n s i st e n c i e s and c o n f l i c t s e x i s t i n environniental pol i c y , and ( 3 ) where improved environ~iiental c o n t r o l s can be j u s t i f i e d on a c o s t l b e n e f i t b a s i s ( i .e., ensure t h a t funds a r e n o t expended i n cases where n e i t h e r p o t e n t i a l e f f e c t s nor p u b l i c concerns warrant such expenditures). The program i n i t i a l l y focuses on c u r r e n t and "near f u t u r e " LWR e f f l u e n t c o n t r o l technology. L a t e r work w i l l focus on c o s t l b e n e f i t analyses o f e f f l u e n t c o n t r o l technologies f o r advanced LWR a l t e r n a t i v e f u e l c y c l e s and f o r LIYFBR f u e l c y c l e s . F u r t h e r work w i l l concentrate on a n a l y z i n g o t h e r advanced n u c l e a r energy systems (e.g., thorium, f u s i o n ) and i n t e g r a t i n g r e s u l t s from t h e various energy techno1 ogy s t u d i e s t o eval uate t h e t o t a l s t a t u s o f environmental c o n t r o l technology f o r t h e n u c l e a r i n d u s t r y .The key elements i n t h e program are:A computer code which permits c a l c u l a t i o n o f mass balances o f some 500 m a t e r i a l s i n a given f u e l c y c l e as a f u n c t i o n o f time and p r o j e c t e d e l e c t r i c a l energy demand A c o s t a n a l y s i s o f each f a c i l i t y i n a given f u e l c y c l e ( b o t h c a p i t a l and o p e r a t i n g c o s t s ) An environmental assessment a n a l y s i s f o r each e f f l u e n t i n a g i v e n f u e l c y c l e which compares c a l c u l a t e d e f f l u e n t ...
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