An ovarian enlargement (diameter, 8 cm) was identified and surgically excised from a 5-year-old female dog. Microscopic examination of the multinodular neoplasm revealed sheets of polygonal neoplastic cells with large nuclei, frequent mitosis, necrosis and haemorrhage. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells were positive for vimentin and alkaline phosphatase but were negative for CD3, CD79a, cytokeratin, alpha-fetoprotein, inhibin-alpha and S-100. The histopathological diagnosis of the mass was unilateral ovarian dysgerminoma.
The effect of oxygen transfer on the production of immobilized whole cell b-galactosidase has been evaluated. The encapsulated whole cell b-galactosidase was prepared by combining cell encapsulation and culture into one-step. Escherichia coli was encapsulated and cultured in the growth and production media to accumulate b-galactosidase in itself. Sun¯ower seed oil was coimmobilized to increase the oxygen transfer rate through the capsule membrane. The oxygen transfer rate increased 63 percent and the activity of b-galactosidase increased by 10 percent. The activity of encapsulated b-galactosidase obtained in the concentric air lift reactor was 86 percent higher than that in the shaking incubator. In the concentric air lift reactor, the accumulation of encapsulated whole cell b-galactosidase was primarily dependent on the capsule velocity. While the accumulation of speci®c b-galactosidase in the capsule increased with volumetric oxygen transfer coef®cient, the cell biomass accumulated in the capsule decreased.
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are molecules >200 bases in length without protein-coding functions implicated in signal transduction and gene expression regulation via interaction with proteins or RNAs, exhibiting various functions. The expression of lncRNAs has been detected in many cell types, including macrophages, a type of immune cell involved in acute and chronic inflammation, removal of dead or damaged cells, and tissue repair. Increasing evidence indicates that lncRNAs play essential roles in macrophage functions and disease development. Additionally, many animal studies have reported that blockage or modulation of lncRNA functions alleviates disease severity or morbidity rate. The present review summarizes the current knowledge regarding lncRNAs expressed in macrophages, focusing on their molecular targets and the biological processes regulated by them during the development of inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis and sepsis. Possible application of this information to lncRNA-targeting therapy is also discussed. The studies regarding macrophage lncRNAs described in this review can help provide valuable information for developing treatments for various pathological conditions involving macrophages.
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