European earwigs (Forficula auricularia L) were sampled in a Canterbury apple orchard over two growing seasons using shelter traps comprised of corrugated cardboard rolls Adult activity peaked during December and January in both seasons while activity of nymphs peaked two weeks earlier Earwig counts were consistently higher in a block receiving herbicide treatments compared with an adjacent block receiving pea straw mulch Competition between the sampling unit and the surrounding peastraw habitat probably explains this effect Factors affecting the sampling method used are discussed and the need for an alternative sampling system that better reflects absolute abundance is concluded

Earwigs are significant generalist predators of a range of orchard pests, but quantitative assessment of earwig density and beneficial impact is difficult. A sampling system was designed and tested, based on field placement of polycarbonate tubes in apple trees as scotophase arboreal refugia. Tubes containing artificial diet and provided with a black plastic sleeve had the highest earwig counts. Tubes with diet or the black sleeve alone were less preferred. Presence of distinctive frass was also evident in polycarbonate tubes containing artificial diet, and earwig frass was recorded at a higher frequency than earwig presence, indicating foraging and detection of the tubes at a higher rate than their use as shelters. At the tree level, there was a weak correlation between frass abundance and predation rates on leafroller egg batches placed as baits in the canopy, but not with earwig density measured by corrugated cardboard rolls or diet tubes. Diet tubes have the potential to offer new insights into earwig foraging behaviour in orchards.

The effects of substerilizing doses of gamma radiation on the longevity and level of inherited sterility in the Australian moth Teia anartoides Walker were determined. Six day-old male pupae were treated with 0, 100, and 160 Gy of gamma radiation by using a 1.25 MeV Cobalt60 irradiation source. Laboratory studies of male longevity showed that radiation had little impact in adult moths of the P1, F1, and F2 generations. Inherited deleterious effects resulting from irradiation were observed in the progeny of F1 and F2 generations. Outcrosses between substerile parental males or their highly sterile male progeny to wild-type females did not affect female fecundity. However, adverse effects were observed for these crosses in the rates of successful egg hatch and postembryonic development. Fertility was always greater in out-crosses involving a P1 male than in any of the F1 out-crosses. F1 males were always more sterile than F1 females, and the level of sterility for the F1 and F2 generations was higher than that of the controls. The incidence of larval and pupal mortality was higher in the F2 than the F1 generation. A dose of 100 Gy had the highest success in inducing deleterious effects that were inherited through to the F2 generation. Our results indicated that the use of partially sterilizing doses of radiation has good potential as a selective strategy for management or eradication of T. anartoides.

The Australian painted apple moth (Teia anartoides) has been the target of an eradication programme in Auckland This has included an extensive trapping programme underpinned by moth dispersal studies Sterilisation of males was considered essential before release to avoid exacerbating the eradication problem Late stage male pupae were irradiated using 125 MeV gamma rays from a Cobalt60 source at six doses (60 80 100 120 140 and 160 Gy) No effects were measurable on male emergence or mating performance in the treated compared to control insects Significant effects were observed in the F1 generation with increasing doses producing increased mortality At the highest doses 100 sterility was achieved in the F2 generation Male flight in a wind tunnel was not significantly affected by irradiation at 160 Gy Markrelease recapture experiments were successfully conducted with the maximum recorded dispersal distance of several kilometers by irradiated sterile male moths

Live female painted apple moths are being used to monitor the distribution of this invasive species in Auckland as part of a major eradication effort, and the goal of this project was to develop a method to minimize the risk of unwanted live insect propagation from the trapping programme as a result of vandalism or Ôeco-terrorismÕ. Female pupae were irradiated with a range of doses and their egg viability assessed, and also tested to determine the impact of irradiation on male moth catch in the field. Female painted apple moth pupae, irradiated at a range of doses from 100 to 500 Gy, were placed in cages in traps at 10 m spacings from non-irradiated females, near a central release site of irradiated males. Untreated control females alternated along orthogonal transects with irradiated females. The results indicated no significant effect of female irradiation on catch of males. There was no correlation between dose and catch, within the range of exposures tested. There was a very low hatch rate of eggs from females irradiated at all doses tested (100-500 Gy). These results suggest that irradiated females could be used in traps to reduce potential risks of deliberate spread of the unwanted organism by activists, without affecting the effectiveness of monitoring males.