In recent years, immense development in Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of bridges helps address the life span and reliability of bridge structure at contrasting phases of their service life. This article provides a detailed understanding of bridge monitoring, and it focuses on sensors utilized and all kinds of damage detection (strain, displacement, acceleration, and temperature) according to bridge nature (scour, suspender failure, disconnection of bolt and cables, etc.) and environmental degradation under static and dynamic loading. This paper presents information about various methods, approaches, case studies, advanced technologies, real-time experiments, stimulated models, data acquisition, and predictive analysis. Future scope and research also discussed the implementation of SHM in bridges. The main aim of this research is to assist researchers in better understanding the monitoring mechanism in bridges.
An ecofriendly fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) had been used in the last decade to enhance the short concrete column’s strength and deformation capacity. This study involves the wrapping of FRP sheets with a thickness of 3 mm and 5 mm on a short column, and then the compressive strength is determined. The rectangular columns of size 150 mm × 300 mm are used for this study, and cast under the grades of M20 and M40 are wrapped with GFRP sheets at the thickness of 3 mm and 5 mm. These results are clarified at a specific thickness of the FRP-wrapped columns. It provides a maximum axial compressive strength, and Young’s modulus gets enhanced rigorously when it is to be compared to the normal concrete. This thesis deals with experimental studies of different parameters associated with wrapped glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP). In M20 grade, when the 3 mm wrapped specimen and the 5 mm wrapped specimen are compared, the specimen wrapped with 5 mm increases 5.182% more than the specimen wrapped with 3 mm. In M40 grade, when the 0 mm, 3 mm, and 5 mm wrapped specimens are compared, the specimen wrapped with 5 mm increases 2.47% more than the specimen wrapped with 0 mm. The 5 mm wrapping attains the maximum strength.
In spite of Ethiopia’s abundant water resources, such as rainwater, groundwater, river, and lake, there has been an increase in the demand for potable water during the past decade. Since 1990, Ethiopia has only achieved 57 percent of the Millennium Development Goal target for access to safe drinking water. Inadequate access to clean potable water and sewerage services and lack of good hygiene practices have a negative impact on health and nutrition, such as diarrheal disease which is one of the leading causes of mortality among children under the age of five in Ethiopia. The objective of the present study is to assess the water demand in Yergalem Tula Kebele, which will be used in the sustainable potable water supply design for the city. The water demand analysis is based on a geometric method of population forecasting with an annual growth rate of 3%. The total water demand (domestic and nondomestic water demands) projection has also been made and the per capita water demand of 25 liters for a distance of 0.5 km from the water distribution point for rural piped water supply system is adopted, as per GTP-II minimum service level. The mode and level of services considered for community water supplies include public fountains and institutions (i.e., schools and health centers/posts) with stand water points.
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