This article shows the importance of flow compressibility on the heat transfer in confined impinging jets, and how it is driven by both the Mach number and the wall heat-flux. Hence, we present a collection of cases at several Mach numbers with different heat-flux values applied at the impingement wall. The wall temperature scales linearly with the imposed heat-flux and the adiabatic wall temperature is found to be purely governed by the flow compression. Especially for high heat-flux values, the non-constant wall temperature induces considerable differences in the thermal conductivity of the fluid. This phenomenon has to date not been discussed and it strongly modulates the Nusselt number. In contrast, the heat transfer coefficient is independent of the varying thermal properties of the fluid and the wall heat-flux. Furthermore, we introduce the impingement efficiency, which highlights the areas of the wall where the temperature is influenced by compressibility effects. This parameter shows how the contribution of the flow compression to raising the wall temperature becomes more dominant as the heat-flux decreases. Thus, knowing the adiabatic wall temperature is indispensable for obtaining the correct heat transfer coefficient when low heat-flux values are used, even at low Mach numbers. Lastly, a detailed analysis of the dilatation field also shows how the compressibility effects only affect the heat transfer in the vicinity of the stagnation point. These compressibility effects decay rapidly further away from the flow impingement, and the density changes along the developing boundary layer are caused instead by variable inertia effects.

This article shows the first parametric study on turbulent multi-jet impingement cooling flows using large-eddy simulations (LES). We focus on assessing the influence of the inter-jet distance and the cross-flow conditions on the heat transfer at the impingement wall. The LES setup is thoroughly validated with both experimental and direct numerical simulation data, showing an excellent agreement. The inter-jet distance effect on the heat transfer is studied comparing three different distances, where the full Nusselt number profile decreases in amplitude when the jet distance is increased. To evaluate the cross-flow effects, we prescribe both laminar and turbulent inflow conditions at different cross-flow magnitudes ranging between 20% and 40% of the impinging jet speed. Large cross-flow intensities cause a jet deflection which reduces the maxima in the Nusselt number distribution, and it increases the heat transfer in the areas of the wall less affected by the jet impingement. Adding realistic turbulent fluctuations to the inflow enhances the cross-flow effects on the heat transfer at the impingement wall.

This article shows the first parametric study on turbulent multi-jet impingement cooling flows using large-eddy simulations (LES). We focus on assessing the influence of the inter-jet distance and the cross-flow conditions on the heat transfer at the impingement wall. The LES setup is thoroughly validated with both experimental and direct numerical simulation data, showing an excellent agreement. The inter-jet distance effect on the heat transfer is studied comparing three different distances, where the full Nusselt number profile decreases in amplitude when the jet distance is increased. To evaluate the cross-flow effects, we prescribe both laminar and turbulent inflow conditions at different cross-flow magnitudes ranging between 20% and 40% of the impinging jet speed. Large cross-flow intensities cause a jet deflection which reduces the maxima in the Nusselt number distribution, and it increases the heat transfer in the areas of the wall less affected by the jet impingement. Adding realistic turbulent fluctuations to the inflow enhances the cross-flow effects on the heat transfer at the impingement wall.