Levels of vancomycin in serum are traditionally believed to be unaffected by hemodialysis. By both in vivo and in vitro techniques, the effects of a newer, more permeable dialyzer membrane on vancomycin concentrations were investigated. Six patients who were receiving vancomycin and undergoing maintenance hemodialysis with polyacrylonitrile dialyzer membranes had postdialysis levels in serum that were 63% of predialysis levels; the intradialytic half-life was 5.7 h. Vancomycin concentrations in serum exiting the dialyzer were 68% of those simultaneously entering the dialyzer at the beginning of dialysis. When polyacrylonitrile and conventional cellulose membranes were perfused in vitro with a recirculating solution of vancomycin, vancomycin concentrations fell to 39 and 91%, respectively, of the original concentration. The vancomycin concentration in the ultrafiltrate collected from the polyacrylonitrile membranes was only 23% of the original perfusate concentration. A significant decrease in the serum vancomycin concentration may occur during hemodialysis with newer high-flux dialyzer membranes. It appears that vancomycin binds to polyacrylonitrile membranes; this binding does not require the presence of protein and is affected by the pH of the perfusate.
15Continuous processes for the production of peptides with specific bioactivity (PWSB) is an 16 area of increased interest. In this study an enzymatic membrane reactor (EMR) was 17 developed whereby whey protein isolate was used as a substrate to prepare DPP-IV 18 inhibitory and radical scavenging peptides via enzymatic hydrolysis. Two separate enzymes 19were tested: Corolase 2TS and Protamex in conventional batch processes and the EMR. 20Neither enzyme was considered effective at producing peptides with radical scavenging 21 activity when measured using a DPPH assay. However, both enzymes were capable of 22 producing DPP-IV inhibitory peptides. Corolase and Protamex both produced similar DPP-IV 23 inhibition levels upon completion of batch experiments. In the EMR process, permeate in 24 the Protamex run showed 33.7% lower IC50 value compared to the continuous Corolase run. 25Protamex was a better enzyme at producing the DPP-IV inhibitory effect. The continuous 26 (EMR) production method showed an increased productivity over batch for both enzymes. 27
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