Rice serves for more than a third of the world's population. However, drought stress (DS) affects its growth and yield. In order to understand plant drought adaptability, we explored the physiological and thylakoid ultrastructural alteration in super high-yield hybrid rice Liangyoupeijiu (LYPJ) under DS. Results showed that DS altered the thylakoid ultrastructure; twisted and fractured stroma thylakoids and more starch granules in chloroplast of LYPJ were present. Also, DS lowered chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in LYPJ after 7 d. DS reduced the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in thylakoid membranes and increased the content of linoleic and abscisic acids (ABA) and osmotic substances such as calcium and potassium in LYPJ. Based on these results, we concluded that although DS severely affected normal growth, plants employed various strategies, such as changing their membrane lipid fluidity, increasing endogenous ABA and osmotic substance contents and stabilizing the grana thylakoids, in order to adapt to drought stress.Additional key words: abiotic stress; membrane lipid fluidity; osmotic adjustment; phytohormone. mass; HPLC -high-performance liquid chromatography; IAA -indole-3-acetic acid; IUFA -index of unsaturated fatty acid; OA -osmotic adjustment; PLC -phospholipase C; ROS -reactive oxygen species; RWC -relative water content; SOD -superoxide dismutase; TEM -transmission electron microscope; WW -well-watered.