Jamaica PLATES XV-XIXDESCRIPTIONS of the fine structure of Giardia lamblia and its relations to the intestinal mucosa are few. Rossi-Espagnet and Piccardo (1957) examined whole mounts of the parasite with the electron microscope without extending descriptions beyond the light-microscope appearances. Cheissen (1 964) reported on the ultrastructure of Lamblia duodenalis in rabbits. Takano and Yardley (1965) described Giardia larnblia from human intestinal biopsies and more recently Morecki and Parker (1967) described the ultrastructure of the human Giardia, presenting a case in which the parasite had apparently penetrated the mucosal cells. In both these papers fixation was in osmium tetroxide. Friend (1966) reported in detail the ultrastructure of Giardia rnuris, for which he used a glutaraldehyde-acrolein fixative with osmium tetroxide post-fixation.In this paper, we present descriptions of the electron-microscopic appearances of Giardia lamblia, found in jejunal biopsies from three patients and fixed in glutaraldehyde. METHODSPeroral jejunal biopsy was performed with a Watson intestinal biopsy capsule. The biopsy was divided into two parts for light and electron microscopy. The first part was fixed in 4 per cent. formaldehyde and after examination under a dissecting microscope it was embedded in paraffin; sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin. The other part of the biopsy was fixed for electron microscopy by immediate immersion in 2.5 per cent. glutaraldehyde in 0 . 1~ phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at 4°C; 1-mm pieces were trimmed and fixation was carried out for 2 hr. After overnight washing in buffer, the tissues were post-fixed in 1 per cent. phosphate-buffered osmium tetroxide, dehydrated through graded alcohols, passed through propylene oxide, embedded in Maraglas and polymerised at 60°C for 18 hr. 1-pm sections were stained with toluidine blue and examined by light microscopy. Thin sections were cut on an LKB Ultrotome with glass knives and stained with uranyl acetate followed by lead citrate, or lead citrate alone (Reynolds, 1963). Electron microscopy was carried out with a Philips 100 C at 60 kV.
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