SUMMARYIntravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy is highly eflfective in the therapy of carcinoma in situ of the bladder, but the mechanism of BCG immunotherapy is not clearly understood. We studied the production of TNF-n in spleens and bladders ofmice after intravesical BCG or BCG/interferon-gamma (iFN--}) instillation. Significant change of TNF-a mRNA expression of spleens and bladders of C3H/He mice was observed after intravesical BCG instillation, although intravesical IFN-7 therapy 3 days after BCG instillation to maintain the activated state of monocyte/macrophage lineage cells did not show a significant change of TNF-a mRNA, compared with that of BCG therapy alone. Maximal production of TNF-a mRNA in spleens of mice was seen after the first or second intravesical BCG instillation, and production of TNF-fi mRNA in bladders was also increased after intravesical BCG instillation. The increment of TNF-rt production by BCG stimulation in HL-60. a promyelocytic leukaemic cell line, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro may support Ihe in vivo effect of BCG therapy on the bladder. These data show that local production of TNF-a as well as systemic production by intravesical BCG treatment may correlate with one of the mechanisms of BCG immunotherapy of superficial bladder cancer.
White organic light-emitting devices ͑OLEDs͒ were fabricated utilizing a CaAl 12 O 19 :Mn phosphor layer. X-ray diffraction patterns for CaAl 12 O 19 :Mn phosphors showed that Mn ions in the CaAl 12 O 19 :Mn phosphors were completely substituted into Ga ions. Field-emission-scanning electron microscopy images showed that the sizes of the CaAl 12 O 19 :Mn phosphor crystals were approximately between 0.1 and 3 m. Although a broad band approximately between 250 and 550 nm of an excitation spectrum for CaAl 12 O 19 :Mn appeared, peaks were observed at 639, 654, and 665 nm of the fluorescence emission spectrum. The color coordinates of the electroluminescence spectra for white OLEDs with phosphor thicknesses of 0.25 and 0.35 mm shifted to the white emission side because the generated blue light from the blue OLEDs combined with the red light converted by the CaAl 12 O 19 :Mn phosphor down-conversion layer. The color conversion efficiency of white OLEDs was significantly affected by the excitation source and the thickness of the phosphor layer.White organic light-emitting devices ͑WOLEDs͒ have emerged as promising candidates for potential applications in full-color displays, backlights for liquid crystal displays, and solid-state lighting sources. 1-7 Because WOLEDs have been fabricated utilizing multiple emitters in a single WOLED, the structure of the WOLEDs is very complicated, resulting in high manufacturing cost. In contrast, the color conversion method of WOLEDs by using phosphor layers has several advantages of simple structure, low production cost, and high stability. 8-10 Even though some studies on the fabrication of WOLEDs consisting of blue organic light-emitting devices ͑OLEDs͒ with a down-conversion phosphor layer have been performed, 11-14 their efficiency, color coordinates, and color rendering indexes are insufficient to use as backlights or general lighting sources. Therefore, systematic studies of the optical properties of WOLEDs fabricated utilizing a down-conversion phosphor layer are necessary for improving device efficiency.This paper reports data for the optical properties of WOLEDs fabricated utilizing a CaAl 12 O 19 :Mn phosphor layer acting as a red down-conversion layer. X-ray diffraction ͑XRD͒ measurements were performed to identify the crystallinity of the CaAl 12 O 19 :Mn phosphor layer synthesized by using a sol-gel method. Fieldemission-scanning electron microscopy ͑FESEM͒ measurements were carried out to investigate the crystal shape of the phosphor crystals. Excitation and emission measurements were performed to investigate the optical property of the CaAl 12 O 19 :Mn phosphor layer. Electroluminescence ͑EL͒ measurements for the white phosphorescent OLEDs utilizing a CaAl 12 O 19 :Mn phosphor downconversion layer were performed to clarify the emission color of the WOLEDs with a CaAl 12 O 19 :Mn phosphor layer. ExperimentalCaAl 12 O 19 :Mn phosphors acting as down-conversion materials were synthesized by using a sol-gel method. Ca and Al nitrates were used as starting materials. Ca and...
<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Currently, geospatial datasets are produced in various models and formats in accordance with the spatial scale of the real world such as ground/ surface/underground or indoor/outdoor. The location-based services application also uses the optimal data model and format for each purpose. Therefore, there are various geospatial dataset for representing features of the same space. Various geospatial data on same object cause problems with the financial problems and the suitability of the data. In the paper, we reviewed how to integrate existing geospatial data to utilize geospatial data constructed in different models and formats. There are four main ways to fuse existing geospatial information. The existing geospatial data fusion methods consist of a method through geometry data conversion, a method through the aspect of visualization, a method based on attribute data, and a method using topological relationships. Based on this review, we defined a geospatial data fusion method on topological relationships, which is a method considering topological relationship between geospatial objects. In this method, the topological relationship of objects uses the basic concept of IndoorGML.</p>
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