No abstract

For the present experiment, V b = -50 V, V f = 12 A V, and the filament has radius R f = 1.4 cm.A pure electron plasma has been confined in cylindrical geometry for many minutes. Confinement scalings with background pressure and magnetic field show that the maximum confinement times, while long, are 100-5000 times shorter than the limit set by electron-neutral collisions.

No abstract

It is shown that if a longitudinal wave is excited in a collision-free plasma and Landaudamps away, and a second wave is excited and also damps away, then a third wave (i.e., the echo) will spontaneously appear in the plasma.