AbstractsAims/hypothesis. Infiltration of mononuclear cells and glomerular enlargement accompanied by glomerular cell proliferation are very early characteristics of the pathophysiology of diabetes. To clarify the mechanism of early diabetic nephropathy, we measured [ 3 H]-thymidine incorporation and cell numbers to show the influence of a high ambient glucose concentration and the osmotic effect on rat mesangial cell proliferation. We also measured the effect of high glucose on the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular adhesion molecule-1 by flow cytometry and semiquantitative RT-PCR in mesangial cells and the adhesion of leukocytes to mesangial cells. Methods/results. Cells exposed to high d-glucose (30 mmol/l) caused an increase in [ 3 H]-thymidine incorporation and cell numbers at 24 and 48 h and normalized at 72 h (p < 0.05), whereas these changes were not found in high mannitol (30 mmol/l), IL-1b, or TNFa-stimulated mesangial cells. Cells exposed to high-glucose (15, 30, or 60 mmol/l) or osmotic agents (l-glucose, raffinose and mannitol) showed that intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression began to increase after 24 h, reached its maximum at 24 and 48 h and gradually decreased afterwards. The stimulatory effects of high glucose and high mannitol on mRNA expression were observed as early as 6 h and reached its maximum at 12 h. Up-regulation of ICAM-1 protein and mRNA was also found in IL-1-b and TNF-a-stimulated mesangial cells. Neither vascular adhesion molecule-1 protein nor mRNA expression was, however, affected by high glucose and high mannitol. Notably, the protein kinase C inhibitors calphostin C and staurosporine reduced high glucose-or high mannitol-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 mRNA expression and high glucose-induced proliferation. Furthermore, the NF-kB inhibitor N-tosyl-l-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone reduced high glucose-or high mannitol-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 mRNA expression and high glucose-induced proliferation. Results showed that high glucose (15, 30 mmol/l) or high concentrations of osmotic agents remarkably increased the number of adherent leukocytes to mesangial cells (p < 0.01) compared with control cells (5 mmol/l dglucose). Functional blocking of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 on mesangial cells with rat intercellular adhesion molecule-1 monoclonal antibody, calphostin C, staurosporine, or N-tosyl-l-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone significantly inhibited high glucose-or high mannitol-induced increase in leukocyte adhesion (p < < 0.05). Conclusion/interpretation. These results suggest that high glucose can upregulate intercellular adhesion molecule-1 protein and mRNA expression but not vascular adhesion molecule-1 expression in mesangial cells and promote leukocyte adhesion through
Electronic structures of homogeneous bulk samples of Zn0.9Co0.1O which do not exhibit diluted ferromagnetic semiconducting (DMS) behavior have been investigated using photoemission spectroscopy and x-ray absorption spectroscopy. We have found that the Co ions in Zn1−xCoxO are in the divalent Co2+(d7) states under the tetrahedral symmetry. Our finding indicates that the DMS properties will not be produced when Co ions are properly substituted for Zn sites, implying that the DMS properties observed in Zn1−xCoxO thin films are likely to be extrinsic.
The electronic structure of La0.7Ce0.3MnO3 (LCeMO) thin film has been investigated using photoemission spectroscopy (PES) and x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The Ce 3d core-level PES and XAS spectra of LCeMO are very similar to those of CeO2, indicating that Ce ions are far from being trivalent. A very weak 4f resonance is observed around the Ce 4d → 4f absorption edge, suggesting that the localized Ce 4f states are almost empty in the ground state. The Mn 2p XAS spectrum reveals the existence of the Mn 2+ multiplet feature, confirming the Mn 2+ -Mn 3+ mixedvalent states of Mn ions in LCeMO. The measured Mn 3d PES/XAS spectra for LCeMO agrees reasonably well with the calculated Mn 3d PDOS using the LSDA+U method. The LSDA+U calculation predicts a half-metallic ground state for LCeMO.
This study investigated whether killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genes and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-C alleles, receptors and ligands of natural killer cells are associated with the development of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cervical disease in Korean women. Blood samples from 132 women with HPV-related cervical disease and 159 women without HPV infection were collected for genotyping of KIR genes and HLA-C alleles. Although no relationship was found between KIR genes and HPV-related cervical disease, a significant relationship was found between HLA-C alleles as ligands of KIR and HPV-related cervical disease. Women with HPV-related cervical disease were found to be significantly more likely to carry HLA-C*0303, particularly those with HPV 16 or 18 infection, and less likely to carry HLA-C*01 compared to women without HPV infection. HLA-C*0303 was found to confer susceptibility to HPV-related cervical disease, whereas HLA-C*01 was found to confer a protective effect against HPV-related cervical disease.
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