Massive stars lose mass in the form of stellar winds and outbursts. This material accumulates around the star. When the star explodes as a supernova the resulting shock wave expands within this circumstellar medium. The X‐ray emission resulting from the interaction depends, among other parameters, on the density of this medium, and therefore the variation in the X‐ray luminosity can be used to study the variation in the density structure of the medium. In this paper we explore the X‐ray emission and light curves of all known supernovae (SNe), in order to study the nature of the medium into which they are expanding. In particular, we wish to investigate whether young SNe are expanding into a steady wind medium, as is most often assumed in the literature. We find that in the context of the theoretical arguments that have been generally used in the literature, many young SNe, and especially those of Type IIn SNe, which are the brightest X‐ray luminosity class, do not appear to be expanding into steady winds. Some Type IIn SNe appear to have very steep X‐ray luminosity declines, indicating density declines much steeper than r−2. However, other Type IIn SNe show a constant or even increasing X‐ray luminosity over periods of months to years. Many other SNe do not appear to have declines consistent with expansion in a steady wind. SNe with lower X‐ray luminosities appear to be more consistent with steady wind expansion, although the numbers are not large enough to make firm statistical comments. The numbers do indicate that the expansion and density structure of the circumstellar medium must be investigated before assumptions can be made of steady wind expansion. Unless a steady wind can be shown, mass‐loss rates deduced using this assumption may need to be revised.

The Majorana Collaboration is operating an array of high purity Ge detectors to search for neutrinoless double-β decay in ^{76}Ge. The Majorana Demonstrator comprises 44.1 kg of Ge detectors (29.7 kg enriched in ^{76}Ge) split between two modules contained in a low background shield at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota. Here we present results from data taken during construction, commissioning, and the start of full operations. We achieve unprecedented energy resolution of 2.5 keV FWHM at Q_{ββ} and a very low background with no observed candidate events in 9.95 kg yr of enriched Ge exposure, resulting in a lower limit on the half-life of 1.9×10^{25}  yr (90% C.L.). This result constrains the effective Majorana neutrino mass to below 240-520 meV, depending on the matrix elements used. In our experimental configuration with the lowest background, the background is 4.0_{-2.5}^{+3.1}  counts/(FWHM t yr).

The Majorana Collaboration is operating an array of high purity Ge detectors to search for the neutrinoless double-beta decay of 76 Ge. The Majorana Demonstrator consists of 44.1 kg of Ge detectors (29.7 kg enriched to 88% in 76 Ge) split between two modules constructed from ultra-clean materials. Both modules are contained in a low-background shield at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota. We present updated results on the search for neutrinoless double-beta decay in 76 Ge with 26.0 ± 0.5 kg-yr of enriched exposure. With the Demonstrator's unprecedented energy resolution of 2.53 keV FWHM at Q ββ , we observe one event in the region of interest with 0.65 events expected from the estimated background, resulting in a lower limit on the 76 Ge neutrinoless double-beta decay half-life of 2.7 × 10 25 yr (90% CL) with a median sensitivity of 4.8 × 10 25 yr (90% CL). Depending on the matrix elements used, a 90% CL upper limit on the effective Majorana neutrino mass in the range of 200-433 meV is obtained. The measured background in the low-background configurations is 11.9 ± 2.0 counts/(FWHM t yr).

The MajoranaDemonstratorwill search for the neutrinoless double-beta(ββ0ν)decay of the isotopeGe with a mixed array of enriched and natural germanium detectors. The observation of this rare decay would indicate that the neutrino is its own antiparticle, demonstrate that lepton number is not conserved, and provide information on the absolute mass scale of the neutrino. The Demonstratoris being assembled at the 4850-foot level of the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota. The array will be situated in a low-background environment and surrounded by passive and active shielding. Here we describe the science goals of the Demonstratorand the details of its design.

Abstract. The observation of neutrinoless double-beta decay (0νββ) would show that lepton number is violated, reveal that neutrinos are Majorana particles, and provide information on neutrino mass. A discovery-capable experiment covering the inverted ordering region, with effective Majorana neutrino masses of 15 − 50 meV, will require a tonne-scale experiment with excellent energy resolution and extremely low backgrounds, at the level of ∼0.1 count /(FWHM·t·yr) in the region of the signal. The current generation 76 Ge experiments GERDA and the Majorana Demonstrator, utilizing high purity Germanium detectors with an intrinsic energy resolution of 0.12%, have achieved the lowest backgrounds by over an order of magnitude in the 0νββ signal region of all 0νββ experiments. Building on this success, the LEGEND collaboration has been formed to pursue a tonne-scale 76 Ge experiment. The collaboration aims to develop a phased 0νββ experimental program with discovery potential at a half-life approaching or at 10 28 years, using existing resources as appropriate to expedite physics results.

We present new limits on exotic keV-scale physics based on 478 kg d of Majorana Demonstrator commissioning data. Constraints at the 90% confidence level are derived on bosonic dark matter (DM) and solar axion couplings, Pauli exclusion principle violating (PEPV) decay, and electron decay using monoenergetic peak signal-limits above our background. Our most stringent DM constraints are set for 11.8 keV mass particles, limiting gAe < 4.5 × 10 −13 for pseudoscalars and α ′ α < 9.7 × 10 −28 for vectors. We also report a 14.4 keV solar axion coupling limit of g eff AN × gAe < 3.8 × 10 −17 , a 1 2 β 2 < 8.5 × 10 −48 limit on the strength of PEPV electron transitions, and a lower limit on the electron lifetime of τe > 1.2 × 10 24 yr for e − → invisible.PACS numbers: 95.35.+d

a b s t r a c tThe MAJORANA collaboration is constructing the MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR at the Sanford Underground Research Facility at the Homestake gold mine, in Lead, SD. The apparatus will use Ge detectors, enriched in isotope 76 Ge, to demonstrate the feasibility of a large-scale Ge detector experiment to search for neutrinoless double beta decay. The long half-life of this postulated process requires that the apparatus be extremely low in radioactive isotopes whose decays may produce backgrounds to the search. The radioassay program conducted by the collaboration to ensure that the materials comprising the apparatus are sufficiently pure is described. The resulting measurements from gamma-ray counting, neutron activation and mass spectroscopy of the radioactive-isotope contamination for the materials studied for use in the detector are reported. We interpret these numbers in the context of the expected background for the experiment.

Neutron inelastic scattering as a background in the Majorana neutrinoless double-beta decay experiment V E Guiseppe, M Devlin, S R Elliott et al. Abstract. Neutrinoless double-beta decay searches seek to determine the nature of neutrinos, the existence of a lepton violating process, and the effective Majorana neutrino mass. The Majorana Collaboration is assembling an array of high purity Ge detectors to search for neutrinoless double-beta decay in 76 Ge. The Majorana Demonstrator is composed of 44.8 kg (29.7 kg enriched in 76 Ge) of Ge detectors in total, split between two modules contained in a low background shield at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota. The initial goals of the Demonstrator are to establish the required background and scalability of a Ge-based, next-generation, tonne-scale experiment. Following a commissioning run that began in 2015, the first detector module started physics data production in early 2016. We will discuss initial results of the Module 1 commissioning and first physics run, as well as the status and potential physics reach of the full Majorana Demonstrator experiment. The collaboration plans to complete the assembly of the second detector module by mid-2016 to begin full data production with the entire array. IntroductionNeutrinoless double-beta (ββ(0ν)) decay searches represent the only viable experimental method for testing the Majorana nature of the neutrino [1]. The observation of this process would immediately imply that lepton number is violated and that neutrinos are Majorana particles [2]. A measurement of the ββ(0ν) decay rate may also yield information on the absolute neutrino mass. Measurements of atmospheric, solar, and reactor neutrino oscillation [3] indicate a large parameter space for the discovery of ββ(0ν) decay just beyond the current experimental bounds below m ββ ∼50 meV. Moreover, evidence from the SNO experiment [4] of a clear departure from non-maximal mixing in solar neutrino oscillation implies a minimum effective Majorana neutrino mass of ∼15 meV for the inverted mass ordering scenario. This target is within reach of next-generation ββ(0ν) searches. An experiment capable of observing this minimum rate would therefore help elucidate the Majorana or Dirac nature of the neutrino for invertedhierarchical neutrino masses. Even for the normal hierarchy, these experiments would improve the existing sensitivity by ≈1 order of magnitude. A nearly background-free tonne-scale 76 Ge experiment would be sensitive to effective Majorana neutrino masses below ∼15 meV. For recent comprehensive experimental and theoretical reviews, see Refs. [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12].Recent developments in germanium detector technology make a large-scale ββ(0ν) decay search feasible using 76 Ge. In these proceedings we describe the Majorana Demonstrator, an experimental effort completing construction during 2016, whose goal is to demonstrate the techniques required for a next-generation ββ(0ν) decay experiment with enriched Ge detectors. A complementary 76 Ge ef...