Gastrointestinal (GI) absorption of the beta‐adrenoceptor blocker metoprolol was investigated in five healthy subjects by means of an intubation method, employing a triple‐lumen tube introduced into the intestine, and a twin‐lumen tube in the stomach. Metoprolol was introduced into the stomach with a homogenized meal containing a nonabsorbable marker, [14C]‐PEG 4000, and another marker, PEG 4000, was perfused continuously into the duodenum just below the pylorus. Samples of GI contents were collected at regular intervals over 4 h in the stomach and at two different levels in the upper small intestine. Metoprolol was not absorbed from the stomach. Approximately 60% of the amount of drug emptied from the stomach was absorbed from the duodenum; about 50% of that leaving the duodenum was absorbed from the first part of the jejunum. The delivery process was the rate‐limiting factor of metoprolol absorption in these segments of the gut. Plasma concentrations reflected drug loss from the lumen and were higher in subjects exhibiting faster gastric emptying and higher absorption rates in the duodenum and jejunum. The intubation technique appeared to be a suitable method for investigating drug absorption from the GI tract in man.

1 The pharmacokinetics of R(+)-, S(-)-and R,S(+)-acenocoumarol were studied in healthy volunteers after administration of single oral and intravenous doses. 2 After both oral and i.v. administration of either enantiomer in a dose of 0.25 mg/kg, the concentrations of R(+) found in the plasma were much higher than those of S(-). This indicates that the observed differences are not related to stereoselective absorption. 3 After intravenous administration of 25 mg of each enantiomer and the racemate, the total plasma clearance of S(-) was about 10 times that of R(+). The clearance of the racemate was between that of the enantiomers. 4 The apparent elimination half-life of S(-) was much shorter than those of R(+) and the racemate, which were similar. 5 The apparent volume ofdistribution Vdss of S(-) acenocoumarol was 1.5 to 2 times that of R(+). 6 Measurements of the extent of binding to serum proteins, made in vitro at much higher concentrations than those observed in vivo, revealed no differences between the two enantiomers and the racemate. 7 The results indicate that the greater anticoagulant potency of R(+) compared with S(-) acenocoumarol can be explained mainly by stereoselective differences in their metabolic clearance.

Letrozole is a new non-steroidal inhibitor of the aromatase enzyme system. It is currently under development for the treatment of postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer. Absolute bioavailability of letrozole when given orally as one 2´5 mg ®lm-coated tablet in comparison to the same dose given intravenously as a bolus injection was studied in 12 healthy postmenopausal women. Letrozole absolute systemic bioavailability after p.o. administration was 99´9+16´3%. Elimination of letrozole was slow. Total-body clearance of letrozole from plasma after i.v. administration was low (2.21 L h 71 ). The calculated distribution volume at steady state (1.87 L kg 71

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The percutaneous absorption of diclofenac was studied in ten healthy volunteers treated with Emulgel containing 1.16% diclofenac diethylammonium for 8 d as follows: a single application of 5 g Emulgel on days 1 and 8, and two applications d-1 on days 2-7. Plasma concentration profiles of unchanged diclofenac and urinary concentrations of total diclofenac and metabolites (sum of free and conjugated) were determined. High inter-individual variations in plasma and urine data were recorded, due probably to the permeability and the hydration of the skin. Steady state was reached after 2 d of twice-daily administration. Plasma concentrations were low but remained in the range 10-50 nmol L-1 over the full day for most of the subjects, indicating prolonged absorption from the application site.