INTRODUCTIONThe aim of this systematic review is to describe the use of cadavers in postgraduate surgical training, to determine the effect of cadaveric training sessions on surgical trainees' technical skills performance and to determine how trainees perceive the use of cadaveric workshops as a training tool. METHODS An electronic literature search was performed, restricted to the English language, of MEDLINE
We have evaluated Sramek's method of impedance cardiography as a non-invasive way of detecting the cardiovascular effects of drugs. We made cardiovascular measurements using the method during passive tilting and exercise 2 h after the oral administration of atenolol (50 and 100 mg), propranolol (40 and 80 mg), pindolol (5 and 10 mg), and placebo in seven separate studies involving eight healthy male volunteers. Equivalent doses of the pure antagonists atenolol (beta 1) and propranolol (beta 1, beta 2) produced similar reductions in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and cardiac index, and increases in stroke volume and total peripheral resistance, particularly during exercise. In contrast the partial agonist pindolol produced increases in heart rate and cardiac index, and reductions in peripheral resistance at rest. During passive tilting and exercise pindolol reduced heart rate, but cardiac output and total peripheral resistance were unchanged except at the highest levels of exercise. The similar cardiovascular effects of atenolol and propranolol, but differing effects of pindolol, are consistent with reports using other methods of measurement. This suggests that impedance cardiography may have a place in the non-invasive assessment of the cardiovascular effects of drugs.
SUMMARYThe expression of receptors for complement and the Fc region of immunoglobulin by alveolar macrophages (AM) constitutes a valuable aid to effector function of these cells. However, during HIV infection such expression may also act to increase binding of immune complexes, thus facilitating viral infection of these cells. This study was designed to determine whether changes in the expression of these receptors occurs in situ during HIV infection. Lung macrophages were isolated by bronchoalveolar lavage in groups of HIV + subjects segregated on the basis of peripheral CD4 count. A group of normal subjects was also investigated. Expression of CR1 and FcgRI was quantified by measuring the optical density of reaction product following controlled immunoperoxidase staining with MoAbs CD35 and CD64. Both CR1 and FcgRI were increased over normal in all HIV + subjects. This increase was progressive with advancing disease as determined by correlation with declining peripheral CD4 count. Comparison of asymptomatic and symptomatic subjects with HIV infection showed no difference in CR1 expression but a rise in FcgRI expression in the latter group. An overall inverse correlation was also found between peripheral CD4 count and FcgRI expression, but not CR1 expression. These data demonstrate a significant increase in the expression of these receptors on AM from HIV + subjects, and show that this increase may occur before any symptoms in these patients.
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