ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ. Ο αριθμός των εκχρεφόμενων στρουθοκαμήλων στην Ελλάδα παρουσιάζει συνεχή αύξηση. Για το λόγο αυτό, ο κτη νίατρος οφείλει να είναι γνώστης των ιδιαιτεροτήτων του πτηνού αυτού ώστε να μπορεί να προλαμβάνει ή να αντιμετωπίζει τα προ βλήματα που προκύπτουν κατά τη διαχείριση τους. Στην ανακοί νωση αυτή περιγράφονται οι συχνότερες παθολογικές καταστάσεις, για τις οποίες απαιτείται χειρουργική αντιμετώπιση (τραυματισμοί, κατάγματα, εξαρθρήματα, μεταβολικές βλάβες των οστών, εκστρο-φή του πέους και της αμάρας, έμφραξη του στομάχου, ξένα σώμα τα στο στόμαχο, εγκολεασμός του εντέρου, στροφή του στομάχου ή του εντέρου, κατακράτηση λεκιθικου σάκου κ.ά.). Επίσης, παρα τίθενται στοιχεία σχετικά με τον τρόπο χορήγησης φαρμάκων, κα θώς επίσης και για τη χορήγηση της αναισθησίας.Λέξεις ευρετηρίασης: στρουθοκάμηλος-χειρουργική -αναισθησία ABSTRACT. Breeding of ostriches has rapidly developed into an industry in Greece. With the increase in the number of these birds, there is a growing demand for veterinary services, related to their health care. The responsible veterinarian should be aware of the peculiarities of these animal species, in order to prevent and resolve the emerging problems. The present presentation discusses the most frequently occurring surgical problems in ostrich, such as injuries, fractures, dislocations, limb deformities, stomach impaction, intussusception, foreign bodies, prolapse of the cloaca, prolapse of the penis, administration of treatment and the induction of anesthesia.
Gumboro Disease (IBD) caused by Infectious Bursal Disease Virus is an immunosuppressive condition of chickens, which resulted in severe economical losses. Approximately 47 years after the first appearance of the disease, the changes in the form of presentation and pathogenicity of IBDV in the field has resulted in continual changes and adjustments of the vaccines used to control IBD. The original form of the disease, also known as classic or clinical IBD, was usually observed after the third week of life with high mortality, depending on factors, such as virulence of the strain of virus involved, age of the birds and maternal antibody status. The acute IBD is caused by the very virulent IBDV strains, characterized by high mortality rates in vaccinated chickens and the clinical signs and lesions are similar to those of the classic form. The subclinicalform of the disease is associated with the "variant" strains of IBDV and is characterized by low mortality and severe immunosuppression. Initially, the classic IBD was controlled by the use of mild vaccines produced in the early 1970s and from the late 1980s revealed absence of protection from wIBDV in vaccinated chickens. Another group of vaccinal strains, known as intermediate plus vaccine, has been used to control wIBDV strains. These vaccines multiply in birds, even in the presence of high maternal antibody titers. In the USA and other countries, the disease from the variant strains was controlled by intermediate strains as well as by inactivated vaccines that included variant strains, thus providing maternal antibodies against both the standard and variant strains. Until today, the IBD continues to pose an important threat to commercial poultry industry. The high resistence of IBDV to physical and chemical agents accounts for persistence of the virus in the outside environment, particularly on contaminated farms, despite disinfection. Nevertheless and not quite unexpected for the IBDV mutations in the genome, resulted in the emergence of antigenic variant strains in vaccinated flocks. The IBD requires heightened vigilance and the incidence and prevalence of the clinical and immunosuppressive forms must be evaluated more precisely.
Two handred fifty eight serum samples collected from 39 poultry flocks were tested for detecting antibodies to chicken anaemia virus (CAV) by ELISA method. One handred four blood serums were collected from 11 broiler breeder flocks aged 1 day to 9,5 months, 147 from 26 broiler breeder flocks aged 1 to 45 days and 7 from 2 commercial layer flocks aged 4 in 15 days. Antibody to CAV were detected in five broiler breeder flocks aged 70 days, 2,5, 5,5, 6 and 9,5 months respectively and in 15 broiler flocks from which 2 of them aged 1 day and the other 13 flocks aged 8, 15,16, 28, 38, 42, 43 and 45 days respectively. The detection of positive serums supports our clinical observations about the presence of chicken aneamia infection principally in broiler flocks in our country.
The respiratory diseases of broiler chickens are included among the very important problems in the poultry industry. The pathogenic causes of these diseases are viruses (NDV, IBV, ILTV, etc), bacteria (Mycoplasma spp, Haemophilus paragallinarum, E.coli, ORT, etc), fungi and parasites. These factors can act either alone, leading in complete disease or in combinations, causing respiratory syndromes. In broiler flocks the most frequent respiratory disease with considerable economic losses is Colibacillosis. It is either the result of primary infection of the birds with the pathogenic E.coli or secondary as complicated agent leading in the CDR syndrome. The evaluation of the respiratory diseases incidents in the Clinic of Avian Medicine showed that there has been a gradual decline in the number of the respiratory diseases during the last decade 1992 - 2001. More specifically, the percentages of the incidents of respiratory diseases were: 26,49% (1992), 22,14% (1993), 17,24% (1994), 18,00% (1995), 10,04% (1996), 9,93% (1997), 11,92% (1998), 7,79% (1999), 7,77% (2000) and 6,99% (2001). This significant reduction of the respiratory disease percentages was probably caused by factors relative with a series of measures applied in breeder flocks, in hatcheries and in poultry houses. These measures concern the continuous improvement of the poultry houses and equipment, the application of systematic vaccination programs in breeders and chicks, the good collaboration between farmers and veterinarians, the improvement of nutrition, the supplying of chicks free of bacteria, such as Mycoplasma spp, Salmonella spp, etc, and viruses, such as Reovirus, Chicken anemia virus, e.t.c, and the strict application of appropriate disinfections. The application of the above measures reduces the poultry stress, enhances their immunity, eliminates the presence and the spread of pathogens and secures better health and growth in the birds of the poultry industry. Keywords: Respiratory diseases, broilers, incidents' frequency, decade 1992-2001
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