The contribution of recyclers to the environment and the local economy is not recognized and they are not remunerated for the service they provide to the city. It is well known that informal collection contributes to the recycling of resources in a positive way, but it is also associated with several environmental, health, and social problems. In Colombia, these recyclers work informally. In 2016, Decree 596 was issued, which regulates the utilization of the public cleaning service and the transitory regime for the formalization of informal recyclers. The objective of this work is to evaluate the social and technical impact of recycling in the city of Bogotá three years after the regulations were issued. A study was carried out in order to study how recyclers have been affected by the new regulations after three years of validity as well as understand their perceptions of the evolution of recycling in the city. The study consisted of a series of surveys of recyclers from a statistical sample with 0.05 error that applied a mixed approach. Qualitative and quantitative analysis were included. This analysis was done in order to mix statistical results with deep analysis. The survey indicated that a low percentage of users (good 28%) performed good processes of separation at the source, which lowers the recovery of materials and prevents the potential use of many others. Likewise, it was evidenced that for a material to be sold or commercialized it depends significantly on the separation at the source. In addition, according to the perception of the respondents, society tends to discriminate against them, which leads to the conclusion that discrimination still exists between both the government and society. Finally, the current legislation has not been effective in its implementation and court declarations regarding recyclers as people with inherent rights have not yet been applied in Colombia.
Composting is considered an option for the disposal of organic waste; however, the development of portable and low-cost systems for its monitoring is of high interest. Therefore, in this study, respirometric microsystems were designed and tested including two integrated oxygen sensors for the measurement of compost samples under static and dynamic conditions with high portability and ease of use. The cost of each sensor was calculated as 2 USD, while the cost of the whole respirometric microsystem was calculated as 6 USD. The electronic system for real-time monitoring was also designed and implemented. The designed systems were tested for over 6 weeks for the determination of compost quality using real samples. The respirometric microsystem was compared to a commercial respirometry system and a standard laboratory test using hierarchical analysis which included costs, portability accuracy, analysis time, and integration of new technologies. The analysis showed a global score of 6.87 for the respirometric microsystem compared to 6.70 for the standard laboratory test and 3.26 for the commercial system.
Se informan los resultados de cinco campañas, 1993/97, de la implementación de un huerto destinado a la producción orgánica de hortalizas. Se ensayaron tres abonos orgánicos: e, estiércol de caballo, e, lombriabono (humus de lombriz) y C3 estiércol de vaca aplicados a razón de 1 O dm3/m' anualmente y sembrados con una asociación de cultivos hortícolas de otoño- invierno; como testigo (T) se utilizó un suelo adyacente con vegetación natural. El diseño estadístico fue en bloques al azar, con cuatro tratamientos y tres repeticiones. Se hizo análisis de varianza y test de Tukey. Desde el punto de vista físico se registraron diferencias estadísticas a favor de los abonos orgánicos. Se registró una ligera acidificación, estadísticamente significativa; el uso de los abonos orgánicos incrementaron significativamente (1%) el carbono orgánico y el nitrógeno total y, a su vez, e, fue superior a C, y C3 con respecto a carbono orgánico, pero no en nitrógeno total. En P extractable (B. y K. Nº 1) se registraron diferencias a favor de C3 y C, y no existieron entre C, y T. Desde el punto de vista biológico, según Tukey al 5%, la actividad global se vio disminuida para C, y C,. La capacidad celulolítica se incrementó con los abonos orgánicos; también la nitrificación, sobresaliendo C,. El nivel de P se incrementó con los abonos orgánicos, especialmente en C3 ; en cambio se modificó poco el K soluble; las diferencias con los valores del T marcarían un empobrecimiento en este nutriente con el sistema orgánico. El número de fijadores de nitrógeno fue superior en el T, en los celulolíticos se separó el C, y en nitrificadores no hubo diferencia entre tratamientos.
Una estrategia tecnológica para mejorar la influencia de los abonos orgánicos consiste en el agregado de fertilizantes durante su elaboración, además de enriquecerlo en nutrientes y de acortar los tiempos del compostaje, se podría esperar, menores pérdidas por escorrentía y drenaje frente al uso convencional de los fertilizantes. El mismo criterio podría aplicarse en la preparación del lombriabono.
La productividad y sustentabilidad de los sistemas hortícolas, en particular el de los "cultivos protegidos", están condicionados, entre otros factores, a la posibilidad de contar con adecuadas rotaciones y cosechas diversificadas. El cultivo de la lechuga <i>(Lactuca sativa, L.)</i> resulta muy atractivo porque reúne una serie de características tales como: ciclo corto, su cultivo es relativamente simple, presentando baja frecuencia de problemas sanitarios, culturales y, sobre todo, permite una rápida recuperación del capital. Por otra parte, durante la época estival el mercado local es excelente y bueno durante todo el año si la mercadería es de calidad.
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