Data collected monthly for one calendar year from Holstein cows lactating under Louisiana ambient climatic conditions comprised a total of 264 cow-months. The year was divided into seasons of cool, intermediate, and hot temperatures. The hot season elicited depressions in circulating corticoids and percent hematocrit. Leukocytosis was a response to increasing ambient temperature primarily accounted for by an increase in circulating neutrophils. Progression from intermediate to hot season gave evidence of eosinophila, and in addition, a relative eosinopenia may have been induced by increased adrenal cortex activity. Milk production was depressed during the hot temperature-season and showed no significant relationship with corticoids of plasma. Rectal temperatures and respiration rates were indicative of heat stress in the hot temperature-season and gave significant negative correlations with circulating corticoid concentration.
We conducted a study to determine the effects of excess dietary crude protein (CP) and rumen undegradable protein (RUP) on reproduction and lactation performance of Holstein cows. During each of three yearly replicates, cows were blocked by previous mature equivalent milk production and randomly assigned at calving (n = 47; partum group) or at 42 +/- 21 d postpartum (n = 134; postpartum group) to the following dietary treatments: 1) ryegrass pasture supplemented with a corn and soybean meal grain mix (high CP, moderate RUP); 2) ryegrass pasture mornings and corn silage evenings, supplemented with grain as in diet 1 (moderate CP, moderate RUP control diet), and 3) ryegrass pasture mornings and corn silage evenings, supplemented with a grain mix containing corn, soybean meal, corn gluten meal, and blood meal (moderate CP, high RUP). Dietary CP and RUP concentrations were approximately 23.1, 5.8; 17.7, 5.0; and 17.2, 6.8% of dry matter for diets 1 to 3, respectively. Plasma urea N concentrations were highest in cows fed diet 1 (25.0 mg/dl), intermediate in cows on diet 2 (20.1 mg/dl), and lowest in cows on diet 3 (18.5 mg/dl). Cows fed excess dietary protein (diet 1) exhibited lower first breeding pregnancy rates (24.1 vs. 41.0%) and lower overall pregnancy rates (53.4 vs. 75.4%) than did cows fed diet 2, increasing time nonpregnant by an average of 15.1 d per cow. Reproductive performance was similar between cows fed diets 2 and 3. Mean fat-corrected milk (FCM) yield was not affected by protein concentration (diet 1 vs. 2); however, partum group cows that received supplemental RUP (diet 3) produced more 3.5% FCM than controls in early lactation. Feeding grain diets that contained excess dietary protein impaired the reproductive performance of dairy cows grazing ryegrass.
use the warm-season annual grasses that volunteer after ryegrass for grazing or hay. Volunteer warm-season Early-season forage production of annual ryegrass (Lolium grasses, such as crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) multiflorum Lam.) is reduced in the southeastern USA when established no-till rather than with conventional tillage. We hypothesized Scop.] and signalgrass [Urochloa platyphylla (Nash) that annual warm-season grass residue interferes with seedling estab-R.D. Webster; syn. Brachiaria platyphylla (Griseb.) lishment under no-till. In a two-year study, we evaluated six strategies Nash] can be valuable, high-nutritive forages. Murphy for managing residue from warm-season annual grass on annual ryeand Brock (1992) reported first-harvest crabgrassgrass establishment, forage production, and soil moisture. Treatments signalgrass forage to contain 210 g kg Ϫ1 crude protein were (i) no herbicide, mow, and leave residue; (ii) tillage 30 and and 700 g kg Ϫ1 total digestible nutrients. Late in the 7 d before planting; (iii) apply glyphosate [isopropylamine salt of Nsummer, these volunteer grasses must be suppressed (phosphonomethyl)glycine] 30 d before planting, mow, and leave for ryegrass establishment. Generally, suppression of residue; (iv) apply glyphosate 7 d before planting, mow, and leave warm-season annual grasses for early ryegrass establishresidue; (v) apply glyphosate 7 d before planting, apply additional ment has been done with tillage. However, highly eroresidue from twice the plot area (i.e., three times the other residue treatments); and (vi) apply glyphosate 7 d before planting, burn resi-sive and shallow soils, which are common where annual due 1 d before planting. Better stands and more forage production ryegrass is grown in the southeastern USA, make the at first harvest of annual ryegrass were obtained by spraying and adoption of no-till systems critical. Warm-season annual burning residue (two-year average of 96% stand and 0.92 Mg ha Ϫ1grasses that are common in annual ryegrass production yield at the first harvest) or spraying 30 d before planting (92% stand, systems can be suppressed with herbicides (Johnson and 0.92 Mg ha Ϫ1 ) than when annual ryegrass was planted into a 3ϫ . Therefore, no-till ryegrass establishment residue (55% stand, 0.24 Mg ha Ϫ1 ). Soil moisture at planting did systems should produce early-season forage comparable not cause differences in stand establishment among treatments. We to that of tilled systems, while minimizing erosion. Howconclude that managing residue during no-till establishment by conever, early-season forage production of annual ryegrass trolling warm-season annual grasses and burning or controlling warmseason annual grasses 30 d before planting can improve stands and has been less in no-till than in tilled systems (Allen et forage production of annual ryegrass. ment systems for annual ryegrass (Allen et al.
An experiment was conducted over a 2-yr period to investigate the influence of grain crude protein (CP) and rumen undegradable protein (RUP) concentration on reproduction and energy status of dairy cows grazing annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and oats (Avena sativa). Holstein cows (n = 122) were blocked by calving group [partum (0 d postpartum) vs. postpartum (41 +/- 19 d postpartum at study initiation)] and assigned to grain supplements containing high CP [22.8% of dry matter (DM)], moderate CP (16.6%), or moderate CP (16.2%)] supplemented with RUP from blood meal and corn gluten meal. Postpartum condition loss was greater and first-service pregnancy rate was lower for partum-group cows receiving high CP grain supplements compared with control cows receiving moderate CP supplements. The RUP supplements reduced grain consumption, increased days to first estrus, and reduced first-service pregnancy rate of partum-group cows. The reproduction of postpartum group cows was unaffected by protein supplements. Plasma urea nitrogen was higher for cows fed high CP diets, but plasma ammonia nitrogen, glycated hemoglobin, nonesterified fatty acids, beta-hydoxybutyrate, glucose, and insulin concentrations were similar to cows fed moderate CP. Excess postpartum condition loss, coupled with inconsistent protein supplement effects on days to first service and first-service pregnancy rate, suggest that energy deprivation may have contributed to the low fertility experienced by grazing cows in this study.
A 10-week-old male was found to have a cavernous hemangioma in the right lower pulmonary lobe. Hemangiomas of the lung are infrequent and in pediatric patients exceptionally rare. This may explain why, among the catalogs of intrapulmonary cystic lesions in children, cavernous hemangioma is a conspicuously absent entity and is rarely imagined in the clinical differential diagnosis. We present one such case, establish its distinction from arteriovenous malformations, and briefly review the available literature.
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