Lime stabilisation is a versatile technique applied during earthworks operations. Modern soil recycling units are much more efficient at pulverising fill material and intermixing the added binder/water than machinery available 20 years ago. While supplier innovation adds flexibility to the site working method, specifications have not been sufficiently updated to permit optimal application. This review paper details the physico-chemical changes instigated through the lime-clay soil reaction, updating previous reviews. It aims to assist scientific debate, current practitioners and future specification changes. For example, the application of the minimum 24 h mellowing periods (mandatory to UK specifications) with high reactivity, quicklime powders is concluded to cause increased air voids in the compacted fill.Increased air voids are associated with reduced long-term strength and potential volume change from water ingress, which is of particular concern for sulfate swelling. Shorter mellowing periods and/or use of hydrated lime may lesson this issue; however, a 'one size fits all' approach is discouraged in preference to site-specific methodologies refined to suit the fill material and project requirements. The discussion also summarises working methods which may lower the risk of sulfate swell and defines areas requiring further practical research.
First published in 1876, and reissued here in the 1878 edition that covered the entire British Isles, this important work utilised and corrected the 1873 Return of Owners of Land (known as the 'Modern Domesday Book'), the first post-Norman survey of British landholdings. John Bateman (1839–1910), a landowner himself recorded here, sought to amend numerous and significant errors in the Return, increasing its usability by grouping listings by owner rather than location. He further enhanced the record by giving many college and club affiliations - indicative of religious and political alignments. An analysis chapter overviews the distribution of holdings and highlights both lucrative and low-yielding estates. Bateman's apparent hope of justifying the existing landowning system in the British Isles was undermined by data which revealed the concentration of land in aristocratic hands, yet the work provides historians with a valuable snapshot of this system in its Victorian heyday.
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