Normal values and upper limits (95th percentile) of liver, spleen, pancreas, and portal vein size were determined prospectively with ultrasound in 915 healthy subjects. Sex, age, weight, height, and body surface area were determined in each case. Since correlation of longitudinal and transverse organ diameters with physical data was poor (r less than or equal to 0.3), the authors do not consider it necessary to correct the measurements accordingly. However, the liver is oriented longitudinally in slender subjects and transversely in heavy subjects; thus both longitudinal and anteroposterior diameters need to be measured, since the longitudinal diameter alone will give too high or too low a value, respectively.

Based on this study, ultrasound imaging is recommended as the method of choice for visualisation of the distal biceps tendon if performed with the necessary accuracy.

Improved resolution of new real time sonographic equipment permits demonstration and demarcation of vascular structures which could not be differentiated formerly. Successful differentiation frequency of upper abdominal vessels and establishment of optimal transducer position were investigated prospectively in 100 patients undergoing sonographic upper abdominal assessment. Aorta, inferior vena cava and their branches were identified in a high percentage. Portal vein contributaries could be demarcated in over 70%. Real-time sonography enables rapid assessment of vascular structures. Pulse and respiration dependent variations of calibre are a valuable means for differentiation.

No abstract