Placental transfer and localization of copper, manganese, and sulfur in the ruminant are described. The fetus is completely dependent upon the dam for its supply of these minerals. Numerous studies have shown significant correlations between fetal and maternal tissue copper concentration. Because copper is essential for development of the central nervous system of the embryonic lamb, an acute maternal hypocuprosis can cause gross brain lesions in the fetal or neonate lamb. Manganese deficiency in the gestating ruminant has deleterious effects on the developing embryo; inadequate dietary manganese induces an abnormal development of the epiphysial fetal cartilage. This review provides information on partition of dietary sulfur between maternal tissues, fetus, and placenta. Sulfur may be transferred to the ruminant fetus in a variety of organic forms as well as in the inorganic form.
Methods of assessing how agronomic practices influence soil productivity and sustainability are required. The effects of various agronomic practices on soil organic N and hydrolyzable amino N in a Udic Haploboroll were determined in a long‐term (30‐yr) crop rotation study at Indian Head, Saskatchewan. Practices assessed included fertilization, fallowing frequency, green manuring, and inclusion of a grass‐legume forage crop in predominantly spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) systems. Fertilization, green manuring, or inclusion of a grass‐legume hay crop significantly (P < 0.10) increased soil and amino N (amino acid N plus amino sugar N), particularly as fallowing frequency was reduced. When the relative molar distribution of the amino acids was used to assess changes in soil organic‐N quality, significant and consistent increases in aspartic acid and decreases in arginine and leucine were observed; however, the differences were mainly associated with the 6‐yr mixed and fertilized continuous wheat (Cont W) rotations. Comparison of our N‐concentration results with an estimate of the initial (1958) N concentration suggests that all fallow‐containing monoculture wheat rotations and unfertilized Cont W have failed to maintain soil N, the unfertilized 3‐yr legume green manure‐wheat‐wheat system has maintained soil N, while the 6‐yr fallow‐cereal‐hay (grass‐legume) and fertilized Cont W systems have increased soil N. Hydrolyzable amino N was only marginally more effective than Kjeldahl N for describing changes in soil organic‐matter quality.
Extraction and precipitation conditions were assessed for recovery of protein from dehulled faba bean flour on a laboratory scale. 10°C versus 20°C extraction did not affect solubility of nitrogenous components. However, more were extracted at pH 9 or 10 than at pH 7. Tap water extracted slightly more nitrogenous materials than 0.3M sodium chloride. Study of pH 4.0 to 5.3 for protein precipitation showed a higher yield of protein was obtained at lower pH. However, apparently simultaneous precipitation of nonproteinaceous material caused overall lower protein composition of the isolates from lower pH. Pilot scale processing of dehulled faba bean flour produced an isolate which was 92.5% protein, and represented a yield of 48% of the original protein.
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