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The thermodynamic properties of Ni‐Gd alloys were determined by electromotive force measurements between 873 and 1073 K on galvanic cells using CaF2 single crystals as solid electrolytes. Results yield a complete set of thermodynamic functions for the intermetallic phases (Ni), Ni17Gd2, Ni5Gd, Ni4Gd, Ni7Gd2, Ni3Gd, Ni2Gd, NiGd, Ni2Gd3, and NiGd3, as well as information on the phase relations. The system is characterized by pronounced negative deviations from ideality. The relative partial excess Gibbs energy of gadolinium at infinite dilution, ΔG EE (xGd→0), was determined to be ‐(104±5) kJ/mol. A comparison with analogous systems indicates the influence of the electronic structure of the components on thermodynamic properties of mixing. In order to fix the liquidus curve, differential thermal analysis was carried out over the entire range of composition.

ObjectiveThe aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the performance of ultra-low dose CT for the diagnosis of pediatric-like fractures and ascertain the lowest dose level sufficient for diagnostics.Materials and MethodsFifty-one bones of young pig cadavers were artificially fractured and subsequently examined by using a 64 multi-detector CT with 36 various dose levels down to a dose comparable with that of X-rays. Two pediatric radiologists analysed the CT scans according to the presence or absence of a fracture, determination of the fracture type and the displacement as well as the diagnostic certainty. For each dose protocol, a success rate for the correct determination of the above-mentioned CT analyses was calculated. A success rate of at least 95% was considered sufficient for diagnostics.ResultsAll but the lowest dose levels were sufficient to identify the fracture. Only the two lowest dose levels were insufficient to detect the fracture type. All dose levels were adequate for the identification of the displacement. The lowest dose level sufficient for diagnostics was 120 kVp, 11 mAs, and pitch 1.5, with a CTDIvol of 10% of a standard dose and an effective dose three times as large as that of X-rays.ConclusionUltra-low dose CT provides the feasibility of a significant dose reduction, still allowing sufficient diagnostics of pediatric-like fractures.

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