Power spectrums of acoustic emission (AE) on the walls of fluidized beds were calculated, to investigate the
particle movement in the bed. It is determined that the main frequency of the AE power spectrum can be
related to the average Landau−Lifshitz collision time of particles impacting on the walls of the bed. A frequency model was proposed to examine the effect of superficial velocity, the size and density of particles,
and the elastic modulus of the materials. The influence of chunk formation on the structure of AE power
spectrum was shown to be significant. A very good agreement of frequency was observed between the AE
measurement and the model prediction in a fluidized bed both for cold mode in laboratory scale and hot
mode in plant scale. The AE spectrum can be used to monitor the particle average size and chunk formation
successfully.
This paper deals with the design of flexible multiple plant water networks. Some practical features of multiple plant integration such as operating flexibility and expensive operating cost have made the number of cross plant interconnections (CPIs) an important parameter of water minimization problem. By combining pinch insight with mathematical programming, target freshwater usage and CPI conditions are obtained first without considering the detailed network design. Subsequently, an MILP model is established for the design of flexible water networks of individual plants. The proposed systematic approach can be applied for both fixed contaminant (FC) operations and fixed flow rate (FF) operations, limited to a single contaminant. An example from literature and a practical example of a chlor-alkali complex are used to illustrate the applicability of the approach.
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