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Blood and milk samples from Holstein cows were examined for total blood leucocyte count, differential blood leucocyte count, milk quality test, and somatic cell count in milk while the cows were stressed by corticotropin injection, confinement in a heat-humidity chamber, or environmental-heat stress by exposure during the hot summer months of June through November in southern Arizona. All three stressing conditions resulted in a moderate blood leucocytosis. Modest increases in somatic cell counts of milk were associated with corticotropin injection and environmental-heat stress. Positive correlations were recorded between blood leucocytes and somatic cell counts of milk in mastitis-free cows injected with corticotropin and between percent blood neutrophils and somatic cell counts of milk in environmental-heat stressed cows with no evidence of current mastitis.

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Records were obtained over a 3 year period from six Holstein dairy farms of 300 to 500 cows each in the Phoenix, Ariz. area. Dairies were selected on the basis of similar management practices, herd size, milk production and facilities (with the exception of cooling systems). Microclimatic modifications (two dairies each) were shade only (approximately 3.7 m2/cow), evaporative-cooled shades and low-pressure water foggers under the shades. Data were categorized by season of calving (spring, Feb.-May; summer, June-Sept.; and fall, Oct.-Jan.). Traits evaluated were calving interval, days open and services/conception. Calving interval was shortest for cows calving in the spring (378 days), intermediate in fall (382 days) and longest in summer (396 days). Similar seasonal trends were observed for days open (103, 103 and 119 days, respectively) and services/conception (1.54, 1.81 and 1.93, respectively). All differences between spring and summer were significant (P less than 0.05). Calving interval and days open were less for evaporative-cooled groups (374 and 98 days, respectively), with no difference between shade only and foggers (391 and 392 days, 112 and 116 days, respectively). Services/conception were similar for all groups (1.72 to 1.79). A significant interaction between microclimate and season for services/conception could be interpreted as (i) smaller season differences for evaporative-cooled groups than for shade or foggers, or (ii) a change in the ranking of control and fogger groups during summer versus fall. Evaporative cooling was more effective than fogging for reducing the detrimental effects of seasonal high temperatures on fertility.

(Dnline) 2 Materials and methods 2.1 Sample collection Eight types of minimally processed vegetables were evaluated, among which were lettuce, cabbage, alfalfa sprouts, kale, Otalian salad (mix), tropical salad (mix), carrot, and fruit salad, sold in

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Durch VIS/UV‐, IR‐, 15N‐NMR‐ und ESR‐spektrometrische Messungen, sowie chromatographische und Gas‐Analysen ist der Mechanismus der Titelreaktion aufgeklärt worden. Der Verlauf der komplexen Umsetzung und die groβe Anzahl von Produkten — Distickstoffoxid, Stickstoffmonoxid, Natriumthiosulfat, Sulfat, Polysulfide, Polythionate, Nitrat — können mit der Annahme erklärt werden, daß zunächst Natriumperthionitrate NaSxNO2 entstehen, die sich in Distickstoffoxid und Thiosulfat zersetzen, oder auch mit Nitrit zu Nitrat und Perthionitrit, NaSSNO, reagieren, das reversibel in Stickoxid und Natriumtrisulfid(1—) dissoziiert. (Bezüglich der Einzelheiten der konkurrierenden und aufeinander folgenden Reaktionsschritte vgl. Tab. 2.) Der charakteristische Farbwechsel während der Titelreaktion von blau‐grün über braun nach orangerot ist auf die Entstehung zweier Farbträger zurückzuführen: S3− (blau, λmax = 620 nm, g = 2,029) und ONSS− (rot, λmax = 448 nm, δ(15N) = 334 ppm, bez. auf K15NO3).