The experiments designed here are meant to introduce students to the methodology associated with their construction, evaluation and usage.

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Simultaneous analysis of free metal ion concentrations with ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) may be achieved even for nonspecific sensors. This Is demonstrated for the determination of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and Na+ Ions at concentrations typical of Intracellular, urine, or serum levels based on calibrations with standards of mixtures of the metal ions rather than just single metal Ion containing solutions. The advantages of data reduction by means of partial least squares (PLS) In principal components compared to ordinary least squares (OLS) analysis are outlined. By use of additional sensors for one analyte (overdetermined systems) and the PLS algorithm for data reduction, calcium and magnesium can be analyzed even when present at similar concentrations with mean errors of less than 7 %.

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