Urinalysis is a remarkable tool that can reveal many of the diseases that could go unnoticed and undiagnosed because they generally do not produce striking signs or symptoms. Examples include diabetes mellitus, various forms of glomerulonephritis, and chronic urinary tract infections. Observing the colour, transparency, microscopic and chemical characteristics of urine and urinary sediments coupled with microbial culture and sensitivity test is likely to identify majority of the lower urinary tract disorders in domestic animals. Urinalysis though being a readily available and an inexpensive tool for the diagnosis and management of numerous urinary tract abnormalities, it is still a much neglected facet in veterinary medicine. This review is aimed at highlighting the various beneficial aspects of urinalysis which is an indispensable diagnostic tool in veterinary practice.

The common acid related diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract could be considered as primarily due to the defect in barrier function either of the gastric mucosal or duodenal epithelium leading to the formation of gastric or duodenal ulcers. An attempt was made in this review to discuss the classification, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of gastric ulcer in dogs. Early surgical advances in the management of peptic ulcers are emphasized that were then subsequently replaced by pharmacological treatment (histamine H2-receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors) and considered as the major strategy against the acid disorders. [Vet World 2013; 6(7.000): 449-454

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Background: Bhakarwali, a recognized goat breed of India is native to region of Jammu and Kashmir, plays a significant role in sustaining the livelihood of small and marginal farmers especially the nomadic tribes of Gujjars and Bhakarwals. Keeping in view, its importance to the farming community, high number of cases handled and lack of literature available in the country regarding baseline echobiometric values of eye in goats in general, the present study was undertaken.Methods: Ocular sonography and echobiometry was performed in Bhakarwali (n=60) and Non-descript goats (n=32) and normal echobiometric values for eye structures in different age groups were established.Result: There was significant (P greater than 0.05) increase in the different ocular echobiometric measurements as the animal aged. Further, echobiometric values were non-significantly higher in Bhakarwali goats than local non-descript breed in all the age groups.

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