Spherical bulb fibre optic probes, developed and applied for bubble characterization in a bubble column and a slurry bubble column at high temperature, were investigated. The principle of operation of these new optical fibre probes is based on the difference in refractive indices between the gas and the liquid phases. The interaction between the gas bubbles and the fibre optic probes in a bubble column was studied using photographic techniques. The first objective of these experiments was to study the response of the sensors upon contact with gas bubbles of various sizes. The second objective of this study was to establish, under controlled situations, the optical probe bubble detection performance and ability for local quantitative measurements of the bubble rise velocity and the gas hold-up.On a CtudiC des sondes a fibre optique bulbe spherique, mises au point et appliqukes pour la caracterisation des bulles dans une colonne une temptrature ClevCe. Le principe de fonctionnement de ces nouvelles sondes a fibre optique est bas6 sur la diffkrence des indices de rCfraction entre les phases gazeuse et liquide. On a CtudiC a I'aide de techniques photographiques l'interaction entre les bulles de gaz et les sondes ? I fibre optique dans une colonne 21 bulles. Le premier objectif de ces experiences Ctait d'Ctudier la rCponse des capteurs au contact avec des bulles de gaz de diffkrentes tailles. Le deuxibme objectif de cette etude Ctait d'ktablir, dans des situations contrbldes, la performance de dCtection des bulles de la sonde optique et la possibilitk d'effectuer des mesures quantitatives locales de la vitesse de montCe des bulles et de la rCtention de gaz.bulles et une colonne de suspensions bulleuses Keywords: fibre optic probe, bubble-probe interaction, bubble column.he importance of multiphase reactors involving gas,
International Maritime Organization’s Marine Fuel Rule, or IMO 2020, is just around the corner. Few refineries are ready for the change to bunker fuel specifications caused by IMO 2020 where marine bunker fuel sulfur content will be reduced to 0.5 wt% from current 3.5 wt%. Many refineries around the world, who currently produce about 4 million barrels per day of high sulfur bunker fuel stocks, still need to invest in upgrading technologies.
In the past Visbreaking was used to make Residue Fuel Oil (RFO) as it reduces the viscosity of the resid by thermally cracking the heavy molecules, thereby minimzing cutter stocks. It also has a relatively low capital and operating costs compared to other residue upgrading technologies. However, it concentrates contaminants (sulfur, nitrogen, and Conradson Carbon Residue (CCR)) in the product. As a result, it is not considered a viable solution for RFO sulfur reduction.
Fortunately, there are several technologies available to upgrade the high sulfur residuum oil to high value products or low sulfur fuel oil as shown in Figure 1. The benefits and features of each of these options is discussed in this paper to provide an understanding of the various processes’ merits. Case studies are also provided to provide indications of which technologies are best suited depending on the specific scenario.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.