The aim of this study is to review the fact-finding and decision-making process of the international community which, via the International Maritime Organization, has led to a ban on the use of antifouling paints containing organotin compounds. This review focuses on the importance of scientific knowledge supporting the sustainable management of the environment and on the centrality of ecotoxicological studies on the effects of human activities on the enviroment. The Italian Coast Guard Corps guarantees compliance with the regulations, through the action of Port State Control carried out in ports and onboard vessels.