Retrospective studies performed in Caucasian populations have shown an inverse association between placenta previa and pre-eclampsia. Our study aims to test the effects of race and distinct geographical setting in the Malaysian population on this hypothesis of association.From 1989 to 1998, 25 844 singleton primigravida deliveries managed in University Hospi-Ž . tal, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia were enrolled.Inclusion criteria were maternal age between 15 and 44 years old, maternal height between 130 and 185 cm and maternal weight from 39 to 130 kg. The exclusion criterion was congenital abnormalities at birth. Diagnoses of placenta previa were verified at delivery. Smoking or chronic alcohol consumption in pregnancy has been very
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