No abstract

The lipids found in the bilayers of the stratum corneum fulfill the vital barrier role of mammalian bodies. The main classes of lipids found in stratum corneum are ceramides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids. For an investigation of their phase behavior, mixed Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers of these lipids were prepared. Atomic force microscopy was used to investigate the structure of the monolayers as a function of the monolayer composition. Three different types of ceramide were used: ceramide extracted from pigskin, a commercially available ceramide with several fatty acid chain lengths, and two synthetic ceramides that have only one fatty acid chain length. In pigskin ceramide-cholesterol mixed monolayers phase separation was observed. This phase separation was also found for the commercially available type III Sigma ceramide-cholesterol mixed monolayers with molar ratios ranging from 1:0.1 to 1:1. These monolayers separated into two phases, one composed of the long fatty acid chain fraction of Sigma ceramide III and the other of the short fatty acid chain fraction of Sigma ceramide III mixed with cholesterol. Mixtures with a higher cholesterol content consisted of only one phase. These observations were confirmed by the results obtained with synthetic ceramides, which have only one fatty acid chain length. The synthetic ceramide with a palmitic acid (16:0) chain mixed with cholesterol, and the synthetic ceramide with a lignoceric acid (24:0) chain did not. Free fatty acids showed a preference to mix with one of these phases, depending on their fatty acid chain lengths. The results of this investigation suggest that the model system used in this study is in good agreement with those of other studies concerning the phase behavior of the stratum corneum lipids. By varying the composition of the monolayers one can study the role of each lipid class in detail.

No abstract

The vapour pressures as a function of temperature of the methyl esters of alkanoic acids from butanoic to eicosanoic acid, have been measured using two different techniques: the static diaphragm and spinning rotor manometry and the combined torsion mass-loss effusion. Combined with data available from literature, the new data have been processed using the thermodynamic regression equation proposed by Clarke and Glew. The results of this research are reliable vapour pressures and the thermodynamic properties of vaporisation.

No abstract

No abstract

Heat capacity of neodymium zirconate (Nd 2 Zr 2 O 7) with pyrochlore structure was measured by adiabatic calorimetry and the hybrid adiabatic relaxation method in the temperature range (0.45 to 400) K. Its excess component was obtained by comparison with the heat capacity of the lanthanum zirconate. A thermal anomaly was observed below T ¼ 7:2 K. From the heat capacity measurements, the thermodynamic functions of Nd 2 Zr 2 O 7 were determined.

No abstract