More than any other factor, the rate and degree of diffusion of dves into the individual fibres composing any textile substrate control the productivity, reproducibility and the quality (with respect to appearance and sometimes the fastness properties) attained in each process. Using direct (fibre cross-section) measurement of the degree of penetration of dyes into nylon, polyester and acrylic fibres, under a variety o f application conditions, the relationships between dye penetration and visual colour yield has been determined with fibres differing in cross-sectional shape and delustrant content.The present interest in saving energy, time and water has led to numerous processes resulting in 'ring-dyeing: Batchwise dyeing for relatively short times or at somewhat abnormal temperatures, and continuous dyeing by rapid steam-fixation techniques are examples which have been investigated to define application conditions that might be expected to cause problems in bulk-scale production. Multi-layer Diffusion MethodAnother simple method for determining comparative rates of dye diffusion into any polymer which is available as a clear thin fiim, is the BASF Kombitest [ l ] , which has now been
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