Unilateral wing immobilization was used to study bone changes associated with lack of exercise in young chickens. With disuse, humerus bone weight, diameter, cortical thickness, radiographic density, and breaking strength were reduced significantly, whereas bone length, ash, calcium, and phosphorus were unchanged. The results of this study indicate that exercise-related bone changes can best be shown by radiographic density and breaking strength, but not by bone ash or mineral determinations.
Male broiler chickens (Hubbard X Hubbard) were placed at hatching into electrically heated batteries with feed and water available ad libitum and maintained to 3 weeks of age under continuous lighting. In Trial 1, two replicate pens of 10 broilers per replicate were fed ochratoxin A from day-old to 3 weeks of age with treatments of 0, 2.0, and 4.0 micrograms/g ochratoxin A in feed (ppm). Trial 2 was identical to Trial 1 except that when the broilers reached 3 weeks of age they were administered an additional intravenous dose of either ochratoxin A, methoxamine, or isoproterenol. Trial 3 broiler chickens were maintained on control feed until they reached 3 weeks of age at which time they were taken off of feed for 2.5 hr and then placed on either control feed or feed containing 4.0 ppm ochratoxin A, and heart rate and blood pressure were measured every half hour through 7 hr. In Trial 1, no effect of ochratoxin A was seen in any treatment on heart rate or diastolic, systolic, or mean blood pressure. However, when an intravenous dose of ochratoxin A was administered to these broilers, a significant (P less than .05) decrease in heart rate and diastolic, systolic, and mean blood pressure occurred. The severity and duration of intravenous ochratoxin A administration were significantly (P less than .05) enhanced as the level of dietary ochratoxin A increased. The response of broilers to isoproterenol was significantly (P less than .05) altered by dietary ochratoxin A, whereas the broilers responded in a predictable manner to methoxamine without significant (P less than .05) ochratoxin A treatment effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Differences in blood gas tensions and pH between brachial venous blood (BVB) and mixed venous blood obtained from the pulmonary artery (PAB) were compared in anesthetized male White Leghorn chickens to determine if BVB as obtained in routine venipuncture cold be used to estimate mixed venous values of pO2, pCO2, and pH. When paired samples were compared over the range of 25 to 68 mm Hg, brachial pO2 was 5.7 mm Hg higher (P less than .001) than PAB pO2. Brachial pCO2 was 4.25 mm Hg higher (P less than .001) than PAB pCO2 over the range of 17 to 56 mm Hg. Brachial pH was .066 units lower (p less than .001) than comparable values for PAB over the range of 7.2-7.6 pH units. Regression equations are given for estimating mixed venous blood gas tensions and pH values from blood samples taken from the brachial vein.
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