It is unclear what role the experimental drug and convalescent plasma had in the recovery of these patients. Prospective clinical trials are needed to delineate the role of investigational therapies in the care of patients with EVD.
A 3-year survey was undertaken to establish the relative frequency of different Fusarium spp. present as inoculum on potato tubers collected from four regions of Great Britain. A total of 219 samples (comprising 10 950 tubers) were collected from the 2000, 2001 and 2002 crops and processed to recover dry rot-producing isolates. In total, 228 isolates of Fusarium spp. were recovered. Most (94·7%) of these isolates were attributed to one of four Fusarium species: F. coeruleum, F. avenaceum, F. culmorum and F. sambucinum (formerly F. sulphureum) . The incidence of the combined Fusarium spp. increased the further south the crops had been grown. Fusarium coeruleum was the most commonly isolated species in each survey year, comprising 37 to 52% of the total Fusarium species. Selected isolates of each species were evaluated for their ability to produce rots in potato tubers. Fusarium sambucinum was a more aggressive pathogen than the other Fusarium species in eight out of 10 cultivars. Fusarium avenaceum and F. culmorum were relatively weaker pathogens. However, these species were aggressive on some cultivars, notably Hermes. The selected isolates were also assessed for their sensitivity to the fungicides thiabendazole and imazalil. Using in vitro tests, 65% of F. sambucinum isolates were resistant to thiabendazole and 7% of F. avenaceum isolates were resistant to imazalil. Tubers treated with imazalil yielded a higher proportion of isolates of F. avenaceum than those that were untreated. Similarly, a higher proportion of F. sambucinum isolates were recovered from tubers treated with thiabendazole than from those that were not treated.
In Poland in 2002 and 2005 two different isolates of Pepino mosaic virus signed PepMV-SW and PepMV-PK were obtained. Both isolates were compared on the basis of their symptomatology on a series of plant species. In addition, the isolates were characterized by the nucleotide sequence analysis of the triple gene block, coat protein and a part of the polymerase genes. The studies showed that the Polish isolates differ from each other and belong to two strains. PepMV-SW was highly similar to European isolates, showing extensive sequence identity, ca.
dSutton Bridge Experimental Unit, Sutton Bridge, Lincolnshire, PE12 9YD, UK Controlled-environment and field experiments were done to quantify the individual contribution of seed-tuber and soilborne inoculum of Colletotrichum coccodes in causing black dot disease of potato tubers. Seed-tuber and soilborne inocula of C. coccodes were quantified using an existing real-time PCR assay and related to subsequent incidence and severity of disease. In four field trials, a controlled-environment experiment and through the monitoring of 122 commercial crops, seed-tuber inoculum was found to be relatively less important than soilborne inoculum in causing black dot, and the level of seed-tuber inoculum did not significantly affect either the incidence or severity of disease or the percentage of progeny tubers deemed unmarketable. By contrast, soilborne inoculum had the potential to result in high levels of disease and the level of C. coccodes soil infestation (pg DNA g)1 soil) was found to have a significant effect. At soil infestation levels below 100 pg DNA C. coccodes g )1 soil, 7% of commercial crops had an incidence of black dot greater than 20%, increasing to 40% and 57% of crops at levels of 100-1000 pg g )1 and >1000 pg g )1 soil, respectively. These arbitrary threshold levels for soilborne inoculum related to disease risk are discussed. Interpretation of disease risk based on inoculum levels must, in the future, be informed by agronomic variables and potential control strategies.
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