A proposed mechanism of axillary malodor formation is bacterial interaction with secreted odor carrier proteins leading to the release of volatile odor molecules. One primary volatile odor molecule, 3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid, is secreted into the apocrine glandular lumen bound to two carrier proteins known as apocrine secretion odor-binding proteins (ASOB1 and ASOB2). The objective of this study was to develop a biologic method to detect and quantify ASOB2 in vitro and on intact axillary skin. The proteins present in pure apocrine secretion were separated via SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), electro-blotted, and reacted with antibodies to detect ASOB2. The results of this study demonstrate that ASOB2 shares immunologically homologous epitopes with the human serum protein, apolipoprotein-D (apo-D). Axillary secretions and baseline microflora were collected from two groups of panelists 6 h after showering with a non-antibacterial soap. The extracts were fractionated by SDS-PAGE. ASOB2 was detected selectively by Western blot using a monoclonal mouse-antihuman apo-D antibody and quantified on human axillary skin using the presented methods. Axillary ASOB2 concentration varied among individuals (<0.1-4.1 microg cm(-2)) with significant differences (P < 0.05, anova) seen between those of Chinese descent and non-Chinese descent. Panelists of Chinese ancestry did not show significantly lower baseline microflora levels when compared to non-Chinese panelists.
Fragrances have been used since ancient times to deliver a variety of benefits. The term aromatherapy was first coined in the 1920s by a French chemist named Rene‐Maurice Gattefossé, referring specifically to the use of natural fragrance essential oils to treat injury and disease. More recently, the discovery that touch is an important part of healthy human development has led to a greater understanding of its role as an essential part of maintaining wellness. With the growing mainstream acceptance of holistic health care, herbal remedies and nutraceuticals, aromatherapy has become much more broadly defined to include benefits which are strictly cosmetic in nature. Today, a variety of products ranging from candles to dish‐washing liquids are marketed with ‘aromatherapy’ benefits. Although there is no legal definition of aromatherapy in the U.S.A., specific claims can affect whether a product is considered a cosmetic or a pharmaceutical. Outside of the U.S.A., the term aromatherapy itself has very specific connotations which can affect the regulatory status of potential product introductions. In recent years, a number of new tools such as psychophysical measures and brain imaging techniques have greatly enhanced our knowledge of how touch and aromas are interpreted by the mind and body. This symposium will review the current state of our understanding in this area with the objective of providing a clearer understanding of the sometimes subtle differences of the role of fragrance and touch in maintaining well‐being and enhancing personal attractiveness vs. those which are pharmacological in nature.
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