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A strong signal for double parton (DP) scattering is observed in a 16 pb(-1) sample of <(p)over bar p> --> gamma/pi(0) + 3 jets + X data from the CDF experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron. In DP events, two separate hard scatterings take place in a single <(p)over bar p> collision. We isolate a large sample of data (similar to 14 000 events) of which 53% are found to be DP. The process-independent parameter of double parton scattering, sigma(eff), is obtained without reference to theoretical calculations by comparing observed DP events to events with hard scatterings in separate <(p)over bar p> collisions. The result sigma(eff) = (14.5 +/- 1.7(-2.3)(+1.7)) mb represents a significant improvement over previous measurements, and is used to constrain simple models of parton spatial density. The Feynman x dependence of sigma(eff) is investigated and none is apparent. Further, no evidence is found for kinematic correlations between the two scatterings in DP events

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We summarize a search for the top quark with the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) in a sample of Pp collisions at Js =1.8 TeV with an integrated luminosity of 19.3 pb . We find 12 events consistent with either two 8' bosons, or a 8' boson and at least one b jet. The probability that the measured yield is consistent with the background is 0.26%. Though the statistics are too limited to establish firmly the existence of the top quark, a natural interpretation of the excess is that it is due to tt production.Under this assumption, constrained fits to individual events yield a top quark mass of 174+ 10 -)) GeV/c . The tt production cross section is measured to be 13.9 -+)II pb. PACS numbers: 14.65.Ha, 13.85.Ni, 13.85.gk The standard model has enjoyed outstanding success, yet the top quark, which is required as the weak-isospin partner of the bottom quark, has remained unobserved. Direct searches at the Fermilab Tevatron have placed a 95%%uo confidence level lower limit of M&,~& 131 GeV/c [1]. Global fits to precision electroweak measurements yield a favored mass of M&,~= 177-+|I+ -I9 GeV/c [2]. One expects that, at Tevatron energies, most top quarks are produced in pairs. For M,o&~85 GeV/c, each top quark decays to a real 8' boson and a b quark.The observed event topology is then determined by the decay mode of the two H bosons. About 5k of the time 226 VOLUME 73, NUMBER 2 PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 11 JULY 1994 both W bosons decay to ev or p v (the "dilepton mode"), giving two high-P~leptons with opposite charge, two b jets, and large missing transverse energy (k"7. ) from the undetected neutrinos [3]. In another 30% of the cases one W boson decays to ev or p v, and the other to a qq' pair (the "lepton+jets mode"). This final state includes a high-Pz charged lepton, k"z, and jets from the 8' and the two b quarks. The remaining 65% of the final states involve the hadronic decays of both W bosons, or the decay of one or both of the 8'bosons into r leptons. These channels have larger backgrounds and are not considered here. This analysis is based on a sample of pp collisions at vs =1. 8 TeV with an integrated luminosity of 19.3

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Since the seventies, positron emission tomography (PET) has become an invaluable medical molecular imaging modality with an unprecedented sensitivity at the picomolar level, especially for cancer diagnosis and the monitoring of its response to therapy. More recently, its combination with X-ray computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) has added high precision anatomic information in fused PET/CT and PET/MR images, thus compensating for the modest intrinsic spatial resolution of PET. Nevertheless, a number of medical challenges call for further improvements in PET sensitivity. These concern in particular new treatment opportunities in the context personalized (also called precision) medicine, such as the need to dynamically track a small number of cells in cancer immunotherapy or stem cells for tissue repair procedures. A better signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the image would allow detecting smaller size tumours together with a better staging of the patients, thus increasing the chances of putting cancer in complete remission. Moreover, there is an increasing demand for reducing the radioactive doses injected to the patients without impairing image quality. There are three ways to improve PET scanner sensitivity: improving detector efficiency, increasing geometrical acceptance of the imaging device and pushing the timing performance of the detectors. Currently, some pre-localization of the electron-positron annihilation along a line-of-response (LOR) given by the detection of a pair of annihilation photons is provided by the detection of the time difference between the two photons, also known as the time-of-flight (TOF) difference of the photons, whose accuracy is given by the coincidence time resolution (CTR). A CTR of about 10 picoseconds FWHM will ultimately allow to obtain a direct 3D volume representation of the activity distribution of a positron emitting radiopharmaceutical, at the millimetre level, thus introducing a quantum leap in PET imaging and quantification and fostering more frequent use of 11 C radiopharmaceuticals. The present roadmap article toward the advent of 10 ps TOF-PET addresses the status and current/future challenges along the development of TOF-PET with the objective to reach this mythic 10 ps frontier that will open the door to real-time volume imaging virtually without tomographic inversion. The medical impact and prospects to achieve this technological revolution from the detection and image reconstruction point-of-views, together with a few perspectives beyond the TOF-PET application are discussed. ContentsA. Introduction B. Medical impact B1. Clinical and research impact of 10 ps TOF-PET B2. Innovation for dynamic imaging C. Detection of annihilation photons C1. Design criteria for the detection chain for 10 ps TOF-PET C2. Perspectives on using inorganic scintillators for fast timing application C3. Perspectives on using Cherenkov light for fast timing applications C4. Perspectives on using nano-scintillators for fast timing applications C5. Perspectives on LAr and/or LXe ...