E XTRA-SENSORY perception, under the headings of "telepathy" and "clairvoyance", 1 is not new to science, nor to its psychological branch. Many psychologists have given active attention to it, 2 and some have contributed to the evidence for its occurrence. Among the latter are Bechterew, 8 Brugmanns, 4 Coover, 6 Estabrooks, 6 and Janet. 7 Of these, Coover apparently did not recognize his own contributions at the time, but several •critics have since agreed that his results are positive, while Janet has simply remained silent regarding his findings, allowing others to interpret them. The Danish psychologist, Lehmann, who, with Hansen, offered the only serious criticism of the early telepathic studies, later came himself to be convinced of its actual occurrence. 8 The most extensive study of telepathy and clairvoyance yet made was begun at Duke University in 1930. The first two years of experimentation were described in a brief report entitled "Extra-Sensory Perception of the Clairvoyant Type", 9 and the first three years were covered by a monograph, "Extra-Sensory Perception", published in 1934. 10 Five years have now gone into the work and much remains to be reported. Only one other report
I. Introductory (pp. 213-218). 11. The continuation of the tank experiment to the 341h gejieration (pp. 218-221). 111. The behaviour in the tank of control rats of various stocks (pp. 221-224). IV. The continuation of the experiinetzt cor)tbining training i n the tank with V. An experiment cotnbining training i n the tank with favourable selection adverse selection (pp. 224-231). (pp. 231-232). VI. Brief answer to soine criticism (pp. 232-23.5). * (1927) XVII, 267 and (1930) xx, 201. J. of Psych. XXIV. 2 14 214Third Report on a Lamarckian Experiment escaping from a tank of water, and to prefer always the only alternative route of escape, namely, a similar gangway dimly lit and not electrified. Pig. 1 represents the ground plan of the tank; A and B are the two sloping gangways.Both are of ground-glass covered with wire-mesh and behind each is an electric glow-lamp of 60 candle-power. The tank is half-full of water and each gangway leads up to the platform P from a level just above the surface of the water. The wire-mesh on the gangway is insulated from the metal walls of the tank and from the water, but is connected with one pole of a secondary coil, the other pole of which is connected with the metal tank and thus with the water. If a rat, swimming in the water, places his fore paws on the wire-mesh of the gangway (while this is receiving the interrupted current from the coil) he bridges the electric gap, and the interrupted current, entering his fore paws, passes through his body to the water, and continues to do so, as he runs up the gangway, until his tail is clear of the water. The strength of the current which passes through the rat (and the intensity of the impression made on it, as judged from its behaviour) inevitably varies a little in ways which cannot be completely controlled (e.g. the kind of contact made with the wire by the rat's feet). After much consideration of this problem of standardizing the shock delivered to the rat, I am of the opinion that the best one can do is to adjust the secondary coil in such a way that the current is strong enough to tetanize the muscles of the rat's legs and hold him fast, in, as nearly as possible, 50 per cent. of all contacts made by any batch of rats. Further, when a rat is thus held by the current, I count three slowly before breaking the current and releasing the rat. I n almost all cases the rat then runs up the gangway. When a rat touches the wire-mesh with paw or snout, it happens in rare instances that he turns back; but with these rare exceptions he (if not tetanized) rushes as quickly as possible up the gangway.
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