Compression of the septal perforator branches of the left anterior descending artery (systolic obliteration and diastolic reopacification during arteriography) has been proposed as a marker of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS). Among 568 unselected coronary arteriograms this angiographic finding was pronounced in 11 of 17 patients with IHSS; in 12 of 44 with aortic stenosis (AS); in five of 46 patients with severe (95%) proximal stenosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery; in three of 18 with myocardial bridge; in three of 12 with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; in one of 62 with normal right and left heart catheterization; and in none of the 369 patients with other cardiac diseases. Mild septal perforator compression (SPC) was observed in six other patients with IHSS, one patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 19 patients with AS, eight patients with severe stenosis of the LAD and one patient with myocardial bridge. SPC was more pronounced in patients with high systolic pressure gradients (Spearmann Rank r = 0.64, p = 0.003 and Pearson r = 0.31, p = 0.159 for IHSS; Spearmann Rank r = 0.47, p = 0.001; Pearson r = 0.51, p = 0.001 for AS) and increased septal thickness (Spearmann Rank r = 0.45, p = 0.05, Pearson r = 0.61, p = 0.011 for IHSS; Spearmann r = 0.44, p = 0.013, Pearson r = 0.42, p = 0.018 for AS). SPC is not specific for IHSS. It may result from a decrease of the intraluminal pressure in the septal perforators resulting from obstruction at the left ventricular, aortic valvular or coronary arterial level and from increased septal thickness which may lead to higher extraluminal pressure.
Design and method:We examined 14 shisha-smokers, young men, age 21.14 ± 0.86 years once -after 3 days smoking break-without smoking, (NS), and once with one session of shisha smoking (WS) by using an ambulatory blood pressure monitor (Accutracker II). The measuring lasted 24 hours in (NS) and (WS) continuously for each one.
Results:The measured values (mean ± SD) of SBP, DBP, MBP, PP, and HR in (WS) were higher than those in (NS) with significant differences P < 0.0001-P < 0.05 lasting for 4-5 hours after the shisha smoking session.
Conclusions:We confirm that shisha smoking session has a lasting effect for 4-5 hours in increasing BP and HR, which could increase the risk of uncontrolled hypertension, unstable angina pectoris and myocardial infarction or stroke.Objective: Arterial hypertension is the most prevalent cardiovascular risk factor for coronary artery disease. The objective of the study is to determine the cardiovascular risk of patients with arterial hypertension using the Framingham risk score.Design and method: Cross-sectional, hospital-based study. A total of 255 patients with arterial hypertension that are been followed up at the Cardiology clinic were enrolled into the study from August, 2012 to December, 2013. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the clinical, demographic and laboratory parameters of the patients. The Framingham coronary disease risk score was used to assess the risk of coronary events in the participants into low, medium and high risk.
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