Although behavioral resistance remains enigmatic, an examination of the literature firmly supports the existence of behavioral resistance in both the presence and absence of the better understood and accepted physiological and biochemical mechanisms. Studies of pyrethroid resistance in the horn fly and the tobacco budworm have identified several resistance mechanisms, including behavioral adaptations, in addition to target‐site insensitivity and enhanced detoxification. The coexistence of physiological and behavioral responses neither precludes a common mechanism nor requires one. Even if a common mechanism such as knockdown resistance or enhanced detoxification is involved, this does not negate the survival benefit of either avoiding the toxicant or reducing movement to avoid exposure. Thus, behavioral resistance may be much more ubiquitous and important than previous interpretation of the literature suggests.

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JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.. Florida Entomological Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Florida Entomologist. ABSTRACTEfficacy of conventional and experimental insecticides against the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), was evaluated in laboratory bioassays. In a laboratory diet bioassay, third instars of a laboratory-strain were more susceptible to novel insecticides, including chlorfenapyr, methoxyfenozide, spinosad, and tebufenozide, than to a recommended insecticide, thiodicarb. In other laboratory bioassays, fall armyworms were fed field grown cotton leaves, white flowers, or bolls treated with one of two recommended insecticides, L-cyhalothrin or thiodicarb, or one of four experimental insecticides, chlorfenapyr, emamectin benzoate, methoxyfenozide, or spinosad. First instar mortality was significantly greater on leaves treated with chlorfenapyr, L-cyhalothrin, or thiodicarb than for the untreated control at 24 h after infestation (HAI). First instar mortality was significantly greater on leaves treated with all insecticides, with the exception of methoxyfenozide, than for the untreated control at 48 HAI. Likewise, first instar mortality was significantly greater on white flowers treated with all insecticides, with the exception of methoxyfenozide, than for the untreated control at 24 HAI. First instar mortality on white flowers treated with all insecticides was significantly greater than the untreated control at 48 HAI. Fifth instar mortality on bolls was not significantly different among treatments at 1 day after infestation (DAI). At 3 and 5 DAI, fifth instar mortality was significantly greater on bolls treated with all insecticides, with the exception of methoxyfenozide and spinosad, than for the untreated control. At 7 DAI, fifth instar mortality was significantly greater on bolls treated with all insecticides, with the exception of spinosad, than for the untreated control. These data indicate that these recommended and experimental insecticides are effective in controlling early fall armyworm instars on cotton if larvae come in contact with these insecticides.