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Background The complications from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been the subject of study in diverse scientific reports. However, many aspects that influence the prognosis of the disease are still unknown, such as frailty, which inherently reduces resistance to disease and makes people more vulnerable. This study aimed to explore the complications of COVID-19 in patients admitted to a third-level hospital and to evaluate the relationship between these complications and frailty. Methods An observational, descriptive, prospective study was performed in 2020. A sample of 254 patients from a database of 3,112 patients admitted to a high-level hospital in Madrid, Spain was analyzed. To assess frailty (independent variable) the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) was used. The outcome variables were sociodemographic and clinical, which included complications, length of stay, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and prognosis. Results A total of 13.39% of the patients were pre-frail and 17.32% were frail. Frail individuals had a shorter hospital stay, less ICU admission, higher mortality and delirium, with statistical significance. Conclusion Frailty assessment is a crucial approach in patients with COVID-19, given a higher mortality rate has been demonstrated amongst frail patients. The CFS could be a predictor of mortality in COVID-19.

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Purpose: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with long-term cardiovascular complications, including ischemic heart disease (IHD). Nonetheless, DM may directly impair myocardial and lung structure and function. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of type 2 DM (T2DM) and glycemic control on cardiopulmonary exercise capacity in patients with IHD. Methods: The study involved a cross-sectional analysis of 91 consecutive patients (57 ± 10 yr, 90% men) who underwent a cardiopulmonary exercise test at the beginning of an exercise-based standard phase-II cardiac rehabilitation program, 2 to 3 mo after an acute coronary syndrome. Association of T2DM with cardiopulmonary exercise test parameters was assessed using multiple linear regression analysis controlling for prespecified potential confounders. Results: There were 26 (29%) diabetic subjects among IHD patients included in the study. After adjustment, T2DM was an independent predictor of a reduced peak oxygen uptake ( JOURNAL/jcprh/04.03/01273116-202005000-00006/6FSM1/v/2023-09-11T074857Z/r/image-gif o 2peak) (P = .005), a reduced pulse O2 trajectory (P = .001), a steeper minute ventilation to carbon dioxide output (VE/ JOURNAL/jcprh/04.03/01273116-202005000-00006/6FSM1/v/2023-09-11T074857Z/r/image-gif co 2) slope (P = .046), and an increased dead space-to-tidal volume ratio (VD/VT) at peak exercise (P = .049). Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were significantly associated with a reduced forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration (FEV1) (P = .013), VE (P = .001), and VT (P = .007). JOURNAL/jcprh/04.03/01273116-202005000-00006/6FSM1/v/2023-09-11T074857Z/r/image-gif o 2peak (P trend < .001), JOURNAL/jcprh/04.03/01273116-202005000-00006/6FSM1/v/2023-09-11T074857Z/r/image-gif o 2 at anaerobic threshold (P trend < .001), and pulse O2 trajectory (P trend < .001) decreased among HbA1c tertiles. Conclusions: Patients with IHD and a previous diagnosis of T2DM had a reduced aerobic capacity and a ventilation- perfusion mismatch compared with nondiabetic patients. Poor glycemic control in men further deteriorates aerobic capacity probably due to ventilatory inefficiency.